DNA sequences that encode a natural resistance to infection with intracellular parasites

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to mouse and human cDNAs for a gene family designated Nramp (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein), involved in macrophage function and responsible for the natural resistance to infection with intracellular parasites, and to the isolation of Nramp sequences from other animal sources. The nucleotide sequences of the mouse and human cDNAs are disclosed, as are the amino sequences of the encoded products. The cDNAs can be expressed in expression constructs. These expression constructs and the proteins produced therefrom can be used for a variety of purposes including diagnostic and therapeutic methods.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This Application is a National Stage Application of PCT/CA94/00621, filed on Nov. 8, 1994, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/235,405, filed on Apr. 28, 1994, now abandoned, which is a Continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/148,481, filed on Nov. 8, 1993, now abandoned.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to mouse and human Nramp cDNAs (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein), responsible for the natural resistance to infection with intracellular parasites, and to the isolation of Nramp sequences from other animal sources.

The cDNAs can be expressed in expression constructs. These expression constructs and the proteins produced therefrom can be used for a variety of purposes including diagnostic and therapeutic methods.

BACKGROUND ART

The ability of a host to resist infection with a wide range of viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens is strongly influenced by genetic factors (reviewed by Skamene, 1985, Prog. Leukoc. Biol. 3: 111-559; Skamene and Pietrangeli, 1991, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 3, 511-517). A clear manifestation of differential resistance or susceptibility of human populations in endemic areas of disease and during epidemics has been observed in the case of mycobacterial infections such as tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae). Epidemiological studies of tuberculosis provide evidence that resistance to tuberculosis in humans is genetically controlled. The problem of the extend to which genetic factors enter into susceptibility to tuberculosis is one of the oldest in human genetics (Neel et al., 1954, In Human Heredity, The University of Chicago Press, p. 292). Infection by M. tuberculosis results in a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from a change in skin test sensitivity to purified protein derivative to fully developed pulmonary disease which may cause death if the infection is left untreated. Although the specific genes involved have not been identified, recent studies suggest that the basis for this genetic distinction resides in a differential capacity of host macrophages to kill phagocytized tubercle bacilli. A similar situation exists for leprosy where increased prevalence among certain ethnic groups points to the role of genetic factors in susceptibility to leprosy (reviewed by Schurr et al., 1991, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 44: 4-11). Moreover, a two-stage model for genetic control of innate susceptibility to leprosy has been suggested: susceptibility to disease per se appears to be determined by the expression of a single recessive autosomal gene, while the progression of the disease and the type of leprosy ultimately developed (mild tuberculoid or severe lepromatous) are associated with genes of the major histocompatibility complex (Schurr et al., 1991, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 44: 4-11).

In the mouse, innate resistance or susceptibility t6 infection with several mycobacterial species such as Mycobacterium lepraemurium, Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), and Mycobacterium intracellulare is under remarkably similar genetic control (reviewed by Blackwell et al., 1991, Immunol. Lett. 30: 241-248; Skamene and Pietrangeli, 1991, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 3: 511-517). In inbred mouse strains, infection with BCG is biphasic, with an early non-immune phase (0-3 weeks) characterized by rapid proliferation of the bacteria in reticuloendothelium (RE) organs (liver and spleen) of susceptible strains and absence of bacterial growth in resistance strains. The late phase (3-6 weeks) is associated with specific immune response, leading either to complete clearance of the bacterial load or to persistent infection in the RE organs of the susceptible strains. While the late phase of infection is under the control of genes linked to the major histocompatibility complex, the difference in innate susceptibility detected in the early phase is controlled by the expression of a single dominant chromosome 1 gene designated Bcg, which is present in two allelic forms in inbred strains, Bcg^(r) (resistant, dominant) and Bcg^(s) (susceptible, recessive) (reviewed by Blackwell et al., 1991, Immunol. Lett. 30: 241-248; Skamene and Pietrangeli, 1991, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 3: 511-517). The Bcg locus is inseparable by genetic mapping from two other genes, known as Ity and Lsh, which together control natural resistance to infection with antigenitically and taxonomically unrelated intracellular parasites, including Salmonella typhimurium and Leishmania donovani.

The cellular compartment responsible for the phenotypic expression of the gene is bone marrow-derived and radio resistant and can be inactivated by chronic exposure to silica, a macrophage poison (Gros et al., 1983, J. Immunol. 131: 1966-1973). Moreover, explanted macrophages from Bcg^(r) and Bcg^(s) mice express a differential capacity to restrict the growth of ingested BCG (Stach et al., 1984, J. Immunol. 132: 888-892), M. intracellulare (Goto et al., 1989, Immunogenetics 30: 218-221), Mycobacterium smegmatis (Denis et al., 1990, J. Leukoc. Biol. 47: 25-30), S. typhimurium (Lissner et al., 1983, J. Immunol. 131: 3006-3013) and L. donovani (Crocker et al., 1984, Infect. Immunol. 43: 1033-1040) in vitro, indicating that this cell type expresses the genetic difference. The mechanism by which Bcg^(r) macrophages exert enhanced cytocidal or cytostatic activity is not known, but they appear superior to Bcg^(s) macrophages in the expression of surface markers (Ia and Acm-1 antigen) associated with the state of activation (Buschman et al., 1989, Res. Immunol. 140: 793-797) and the production of toxic oxygen and nitrogen radicals in response to secondary stimuli such as interferon γ and BCG infection, both in vivo and in vitro (reviewed by Blackwell et al., 1991, Immunol. Lett. 30: 241-248; Skamene and Pietrangeli, 1991, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 3: 511-517).

Improper activation of the mononuclear phagocyte system can have profound deleterious consequences for the host, including the establishment of chronic infections, such as lepromatous leprosy and tuberculosis (Binford et al., 1982, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 247: 2283-2292). Additionally, Bcg^(r) macrophages are more efficient in antigen presentation than their Bcg^(s) counterparts (Denis et al., 1988, J. Immunol. 140: 2395-2400; ibid., 141: 3988-3993). Thus, through a more efficient presentation of self-antigens, Bcg^(r) macrophages might thus be more likely to trigger an inflammatory response. Moreover, inappropriate regulation of activation, either by excess stimuli or insufficient suppression, can lead through inflammation, to extensive tissue damage such as in acute lung injury (Worthen et al., 1987, Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 136: 19-28).

Although the mouse model has been instrumental in the elucidation of the intricacies of the immune system in humans, it does not serve as a good model for the study of tuberculosis and tuberculosis resistance in humans. Indeed, the mouse will only generally develop the pulmonary disease upon infection with very large doses (non physiological) of mycobacteria. At present the best animal models for tuberculosis are rabbits and hamsters.

The problems of sensitivity to infection by antigenically unrelated intracellular parasites, such as mycobacterium or Salmonella are not restricted to humans and mice. The meat and poultry industries, for example, suffer from recurrent infection problems linked to a number of such intracellular parasites. The major economical consequences derived from Salmonella infections in chicken is a case in point. Importantly, a genetic basis for the resistance/susceptibility phenotype to such intracellular parasites in a number of these other animal models has been suggested.

In spite of considerable interest in the study of natural resistance to infection with intracellular parasites its genetic basis remains unknown.

It would be highly desirable to identify the gene responsible for innate resistance to a wide variety of antigenically unrelated intracellular parasites including mycobacterial species, as well as to identify and characterize the protein encoded therefrom. It would also be highly desirable to identify the mouse Bcg gene and its encoded protein in order to understand the biochemical events leading to normal or aberrant macrophage activation, including acquisition of antimicrobial functions and the inflammatory response. It would still be highly desirable to identify the human gene and its encoded protein, responsible for this innate resistance.

It would further be desirable to obtain a mouse model for the study of tuberculosis.

In addition, it would be immensely useful to be able to identify individuals or animals which are susceptible to infection with antigenically unrelated intracellular parasites such as mycobacteria.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

In humans, natural resistance or susceptibility to infection with mycobacteria such as M. tuberculosis and M. leprae, or Leishmania donovani and Salmonella typhimurium, have been shown to be under similar genetic control to that observed in inbred mice and directed by Bcg.

The present invention seeks to provide a nucleic acid segment isolated from an animal source comprising at least a portion of the gene responsible for natural resistance to infection with Mycobacteria and/or Leishmania and/or Salmonella (Nramp). The Nramp nucleic acid segment can be isolated using a method similar to those described herein, or using another method. In addition such nucleic acid can be synthesized chemically. Having the Nramp nucleic acid segment of the present invention, parts thereof or oligos derived therefrom, other Nramp sequences from other animal sources using methods described herein or other methods can be isolated.

The invention also seeks to provide prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression vectors harboring the Nramp nucleic acid segment of the invention in an expressible from, and cells transformed with same. Such cells can serve a variety of purposes such as in vitro models for the function of Nramp as well as for screening pharmaceutical compounds that could regulate the expression of the gene or the activity of the protein encoded therefrom. For example, such a cell, expressing a DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in macrophage function could serve to screen for pharmaceutical compounds that regulate macrophage function, and wherein the macrophage function comprises response to infection, killing of extracellular or intracellular targets and inflammatory response.

An expression vector harboring the Nramp nucleic acid segment or part thereof, can be used to obtain substantially pure protein. Well-known vectors can be used to obtain large amounts of the protein which can then be purified by standard biochemical methods based on charge, molecular weight, solubility or affinity of the protein or alternatively, the protein can be purified by using gene fusion techniques such as GST fusion, which permits the purification of the protein of interest on a gluthathion column. Other types of purification methods or fusion proteins could also be used.

Antibodies both polyclonal and monoclonal can be prepared from the protein encoded by the Nramp nucleic acid segment of the invention. Such antibodies can be used for a variety of purposes including affinity purification of the Nramp protein and diagnosis of the susceptibility/resistance predisposition to infection with a wide range of antigenically unrelated intracellular parasites.

The Nramp nucleic acid segment, parts thereof or oligonucleotides derived therefrom, can further be used to identify differences between individuals or animals that are susceptible or resistant to Mycobacterium species and the like. These nucleic acids can be additionally used to study the potentiation of macrophage resistance in an animal model, whether mouse or otherwise, following infection or challenge with Mycobacterium species and the like. The Nramp sequences can further be used to obtain animal models for the study of tuberculosis and the like. The functional activity of the Nramp protein encoded by these nucleic acids, whether native or mutated, can be tested in interspecies in vitro or in vivo models.

More specifically, the invention seeks to provide human Nramp and mouse Nramp nucleic acids and sequences hybridizing thereto under high stringency conditions. The human Nramp-1 can be used in a DNA-based diagnostic assay to identify these individuals in the population who are at risk for the above mentioned types of infections. The human Nramp-1 DNA-based diagnostic assay can be used to identify individuals innately susceptible or resistant to BCG infection in populations where vaccination programs using BCG recombinant vaccines and prophylaxis of the above mentioned diseases are planned.

Further, the present invention seeks to provide the use of the Nramp protein as a pharmacological target for modulating macrophage function, including nonspecific host defense against infectious (intracellular) and tumor (extracellular) targets.

In general, the present invention relates to the determination that natural resistance to infection with intracellular parasites is conferred in mice by a gene, designated Nramp, in which mutations are associated with susceptibility to infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, leprosy, salmonellosis and leshmaniasis in mice. The Nramp gene has been shown to regulate the growth of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) and other taxonomically and antigenically infectious agents in the mouse. The sequence of the 2.48 Kb mouse Nramp cDNA clone, as is its deduced amino acid sequence are disclosed herein.

In addition, the mouse Nramp cDNA clone was used to probe a human cDNA library under non-stringent conditions, and surprisingly, permitted to show that not one, but at least two Nramp genes are expressed in humans. More particularly, one of these two human Nramp cDNA clones, was shown to be the homolog of mouse Nramp, and designated human Nramp-1. The sequence of the human Nramp-1 cDNA clone, as is its deduced amino acid sequence are also disclosed herein. The second members (Nramp-2) of mouse Nramp and human Nramp families have now been identified and characterized. Their nucleic acid sequences and deduced amino acid sequences are disclosed herein. It has now been surprisingly recognized that the Nramp genes are highly conserved between human and mouse. Further, this homology has now been unexpectedly shown to also be found with Nramp genes of other animals like rabbit, swine and even to chicken. Consequently, the present invention also relates to the isolation of Nramp genes from different animals, through the use of the nucleic acid sequences and the methods of the present invention.

Although the mouse model is not a very good animal model for tuberculosis in man, it has been traditionally used and continues to be used for immunological studies in general, and is a very important and relevant model for human mechanisms of defense based on the RE organs (“The cellular Basis of the immune response, An approach to immunology” Second Edition, 1981 E. S. Golub (Ed.), Sinaeur Associates Inc.). That the mouse model could serve as a valid model for human mechanisms of defense has been substantiated by the present invention. For example, according to the invention, the expression of Nramp-1 in mice is restricted to RE organs and further restricted to the macrophage compartment. The expression of human Nramp-1 is also restricted to RE organs and enriched in macrophage populations derived from these tissues. In addition, a very high sequence homology is observed between human and mouse Nramp (93% homology at the amino acid level for Nramp-1), strongly suggesting that these two Nramp proteins share the same function. Further, Nramp gene families are present in both mouse and human, the different Nramp genes identified are located on synthenic or homologous chromosomes, and they are surrounded by the same markers. Thus, according to the present invention the mouse model can serve as an animal model for tuberculosis in man.

In particular, the invention relates to a nucleic acid segment isolated from an animal source comprising a sequence encoding Nramp-1, a transmembrane protein displaying homology to nitrate transporters, involved in macrophage function, wherein macrophage function comprises response to infection, killing of extracellular or intracellular targets and inflammatory response.

The invention further relates to a substantially pure animal protein involved in macrophage function, wherein said macrophage function comprises response to infection, killing of extracellular or intracellular targets and inflammatory response.

More particularly, the invention relates to a method for identifying an alteration in a Nramp sequence encoding a protein conferring innate susceptibility or resistance to antigenically unrelated intracellular parasites wherein said determination of the presence of the alteration comprises hybridization of a sample of DNA or RNA from said animal with at least one sequence-specific oligonucleotide.

The identification of a difference between a resistant or a susceptible animal, such as a polymorphism, can be instrumental in the pinpointing of a specific alteration such as a point mutation. The identification of a point mutation associated with susceptibility can lead to a diagnostic assay to screen large populations in endemic areas of disease.

Moreover, the invention relates to a method for the isolation of a cDNA or gene using a positional cloning approach, wherein said gene product is unknown and a reliable in vitro assay for gene function is unavailable.

The designation Nramp as used in the present specification and claims refers to Nramp cDNAs or genes in animals in general. It is to be understood that the Nramp designation refers to genes encoding proteins which are homologous but not necessarily involved directly in natural resistance to infection to antigenically unrelated parasites. The numbering of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences and of the transmembrane domains and other landmarks of the proteins are based on the original sequences. Due to the identification of a further exon in mouse Nramp-1 for example, TM2 should actually be TM4 and Gly¹⁰⁵ should actually be Gly¹⁶⁹. As intended herein, humans are understood as being generally covered by the term animal. Nramp is intended to cover for example the NRAMP and Nramp designations, generally used for human and mouse, respectively. The designation functional variant is to be interpreted as meaning that the variant retains the biological activity of the protein from which it might originate.

As used herein in the specifications and appended claims, the term “oligonucleotide” includes both oligomers of ribonucleotides and oligomers of deoxyribonucleotides.

The term high stringency hybridization conditions, as used herein and well known in the art, includes, for example: 5×SSPE (1×SSPE is 10 mM Na-phosphate, pH 7.0; 0.18 M NaCl; 1 mM Na₂ EDTA), 5×Denhardt's solution (from a 100×solution containing 2% BSA, 2% Ficoll, 2% polyvinyl pyrollidone), 0.1% SDS, and 0,5 mg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA, at 65° C. Other conditions considered stringent include the use of formamide. An example of washing conditions for the blot includes, as a final stringency wash, an incubation of the blot at 65° C. in 0.1×SSPE, 0.1% SDS for 1 hour.

In the specifications and appended claims, it is to be understood that absolute complementarity between the primers and the template is not required. Any oligonucleotide having a sufficient complementarity with the template, so that a stable duplex is formed, is suitable. Since the formation of a stable duplex depends on the sequence and length of the oligonucleotide and its complementarity to the template it hybridizes to, as well as the hybridization conditions, one skilled in the art may readily determine the degree of mismatching that can be tolerated between the oligonucleotide and its target sequence for any given hybridization condition.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description of the preferred embodiments invention, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRANINGS

FIG. 1A is a summary of the genetic map of the mouse chromosome 1 segment harboring Bcg, from proximal marker Col3a1 to distal marker Col6a3;

FIG. 1B is a physical map of the Bcg gene region obtained by pulse field gel electrophoresis of mouse genomic DNA digested with restriction enzymes NotI (∘), AscI (Δ), MluI (▭), NruI (/), BssHII (/), and SacII (⋄);

FIG. 1C shows the position of the two YAC clones C32D10 and D4F5, together with their restriction enzyme map for the series of enzyme shown in FIG. 1A;

FIG. 1D shows the organization of the cosmid and bacteriophage clones containing assembled from the two YAC clones;

FIGS. 2A-F are Southern blots of genomic DNA from distantly related species (“Zoo blots”) probed with different mouse exon probes (E).

FIGS. 3A, C, E, and G are Northern blots containing cellular RNA from normal mouse tissues and mouse cell populations probed with different mouse exon probes (E);

FIGS. 3B, D, F, and H are Northern blots containing cellular RNA from cultured cells from different mouse tissue types probed with different mouse exon probes (E);

FIGS. 3I and J are the ethidium bromide staining of the gels corresponding to the autoradiograms shown on their left;

FIGS. 4A-4B shows the nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA clone encoding the mouse Nramp transcript and the Nramp protein;

FIG. 5 shows an alignment of the consensus transport sequence alignment detected in bacterial and eukaryotic transporters and shared by the mouse Nramp.

FIG. 6 summarises the results of nucleic acid sequence analysis of Nramp cDNA clones isolated from a series of 27 different Bcg^(r) and Bcg^(s) mouse strains.

FIGS. 7A-7B shows the sequence alignment between mouse and human Nramp-1 and Nramp-2 proteins.

FIG. 8 shows the protein sequence homology between the TM₂ region of Nramp-1 between mouse, chicken, rat and human.

MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

In the absence of either a known gene product or a reliable in vitro assay for gene function, a positional cloning approach to isolate the Bcg gene was chosen. Bcg maps on the proximal portion of mouse chromosome 1, close to the villin (Vil) gene (Malo et al., 1993, Genomics 16: 655-663). Using known marker loci and new anonymous probes obtained from a chromosome 1 micro-dissected library or generated by chromosome walking, a high resolution linkage map of mouse chromosome 1 was constructed (Malo et al., 1993, Genomics 16: 655-663). This mouse chromosome 1 segment of 30 cM overlapping Bcg, was found to be syntenic with a portion of human chromosome 2q in a segment delineated by loci COL3A1 (2q31-2q32.3) and COL6A3 (2q37) (Malo et al., 1993, Genomics 16: 655-663). After delineation of the maximal genetic and physical intervals defining the boundaries of the Bcg candidate gene region (Malo et al., 1993, Genomics 16: 655-663, and ibid 17: 667-675, respectively), a large segment of this domain was isolated in yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC), cosmid, and bacteriophage clones. This cloned genomic domain was analyzed for the presence of transcription units, and this eventually lead to the identification of a candidate gene for mouse Bcg.

Using the mouse Nramp cDNA (MNramp), it has been surprisingly discovered that at least two (2) Nramp genes are present and expressed, and thus, that in humans, a gene family of Nramp genes exists. Consequently, in order to identify the human counterpart of mouse Nramp, both potential human homologs of the mouse Nramp gene (HNramp-1 and HNramp-2) had to be analyzed. It now has been surprisingly discovered that mouse also contain at least two (2) Nramp genes. Furthermore, using mouse Nramp and/or human Nramp probes on Zoo blots under low stringency hybridization conditions (FIG. 2), that chicken and pig might contain a minimum of three (3) Nramp genes. The possibility that a third Nramp gene be identified in human and mouse thus remains and has been suggested by Dosik et al., 1994 (Mamm. Genome 5:458).

I. GENOMIC DNA CLONING IN THE VICINITY OF Bcg

The linkage analysis in back-crossed mice and recombinant inbred strains was previously carried out and established at 0.3 cM the maximum genetic interval delineating Bcg (Malo et al., 1993, Genomics 16: 655-663). This interval includes the gene for the cytoskeleton protein villin (Vil) and the anonymous microdissected probe λMm1C165, neither of which shows recombination with Bcg in 1424 meioses tested. This maximum genetic interval was defined by single crossovers detected between D1Mcg105 and Bcg on the proximal side (1683 recombinants tested) and between λMm1C136 and Bcg on the distal side (575 recombinants tested; FIG. 1A). Pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and fluorescence in situ hybridization were then used to construct a long-range physical map of the Bcg region. The single copy probes used to construct the map are shown immediately below the map of FIG. 1B. The locus order and physical distances were found to be D1Mcg105-(160 kb)-λMm1-C165-(180 kb)-Vil-(800 kb)-λMm1C136, indicating a maximal physical interval for Bcg of 1.1 Mb (FIG. 1B). The size estimate of the minimal Bcg interval (D1Mcg105 to λMm1C136) obtained by physical mapping is superior to that predicted by recombination analysis, possibly owing to uneven distribution of crossovers on this part of the chromosome (Malo et al., 1993, Genomics 17: 667-675).

To initiate the identification of candidate genes in the defined Bcg interval, the Princeton mouse YAC library (Burke et al., 1991, Genome 1: 65) was screened by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based protocol (Rossi et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 2456-2460), using as entry probes the two tightly linked DNA markers Vil and λMm1C165. Primers Vil.1 (5′-TAGGAGGTTATGAGCCCGAAAGTG-3′; SEQ ID NO:7) and Vil.2 (5′-CTCAGGGAGAT-CCTCTACAGACTT-3′; SEQ ID NO:8) amplified a unique 120 bp Vil genomic DNA fragment, while primers 165.1 (5′-TGGTGCCCTGAGCATAGAGACTG-3′; SEQ ID NO:9) and 165.2 (5′-GTGGTATTTCGTGGTTGTCAGCCG-3′; SEQ ID NO:10) amplified a 110 bp λMm1C165 genomic DNA fragment. Parameters for the PCR amplification were 1 min at 94° C., 1 min at 65° C., and 1 min at 72° C. for 30 cycles, followed by a final extension period of 10 min at 72° C., under experimental conditions suggested by the supplier of Taq DNA polymerase (BIOCAN, Montréal). The PCR products amplified from complex or simple pools of YAC clones were analyzed by electrophoresis in 2% agarose gel, and specific products were visualized either by direct ethidium bromide staining or by Southern blotting and hybridization to sequence-specific probes (i.e., the corresponding ³²P-labeled PCR amplification products obtained from cloned DNA using primers Vil.1-Vil.2 and 165.1-165.2). Single YAC clones corresponding to Vil (C32D10) and λMm1C165 (D4F5) were further purified and isolated by filter hybridization and expanded in culture using yeast S. cerevisiae strain AB1380 grown in selective medium lacking uracil and tryptophan (Vidal et al., 1993, Cell 73: 469-485). The two positive YAC clones, D4F5 and C32D10 are 240 kb and 280 kb, respectively (FIG. 1C). The restriction enzyme map of the two clones was established by PFGE for the enzymes previously used to construct a physical map of the Bcg genomic region.

Yeast chromosomes were prepared in agarose blocks. Agarose block slices (25 μl) were incubated with restriction enzymes NotI, MluI, NruI, BssHII, SacII, or AscI (New England Biolabs, Beverley, Mass.) under the conditions recommended by the supplier. The digested DNA fragments were separated by electrophoresis in a 1% agarose gel (SeaKem/FMC™, Rockland, Me.) containing 0.5×TBE (1×TBE is 0.1 M Tris, 0.1 M boric acid, 0.2 mM Na₂EDTA [pH 8.0]) using a contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF-DRII™, Bio-Rad) configuration. Electrophoresis was performed at 200 V for 20 hr at 15° C. with 15 s pulse times, allowing resolution of fragments in the range 20-400 kb. λ oligomers (Pharmacia) and AB1380 yeast genomic DNA were used as size standards. Southern blots of these gels were prepared, and a physical map of the YAC DNA insert was determined after sequential hybridization of the blots to ³²P-labeled individual single-copy probes from the region (Vil, D1Mcg101, D1Mcg102, D1Mcg103, D1Mcg104, and λMm1C165), to plasmid fragments specific to each YAC cloning arm, and to total genomic mouse DNA. The left end probe was the larger and the right end probe the smaller of the two fragments produced by double-digestion of pBR322 with PvuII and BamHI. The restriction maps of the genomic DNA region and the corresponding YAC clones, together with the positions of the hybridization probes used for mapping, are shown in FIGS. 1B and 1C. The two YAC clones span a 400 kb segment and have a 170 kb region of overlap, which includes one of the entry probes, λMm1C165 (FIG. 1C). A comparison of the composite restriction maps of the two overlapping YACs with that of genomic DNA shows concordance of both maps, suggesting that the two YAC clones carry non-chimeric inserts representative of the corresponding genomic DNA domain. Several additional rare-cutter sites were detected in both YACs that were absent in the genomic DNA (these sites are identified as closed symbols in FIG. 1C). The presence of newly accessible restriction enzyme sites in YAC clones has been previously documented (Wilkes et al., 1991, Genomics 9: 90-95) and has been attributed to the absence of DNA methylation of cytosines in yeast cells.

To study this region further, a contig of cosmid and bacteriophage clones was constructed from the genomic domain isolated in the two YAC clones. Total genomic DNA from yeast strains carrying the D4F5 and C32D10 YACs was used to create a cosmid and a bacteriophage library, respectively. High molecular weight genomic DNA was isolated from yeast cultures following standard procedures. Total genomic DNA from the yeast clone carrying YAC D4F5 was partially digested with MboI, dephosphorylated with calf intestinal phosphatase (0.3 U/μg, Boehringer Mannheim), and size fractionated by centrifugation (200,000×g, 3 hr, 25° C.) on a continuous NaCl gradient (1.25-5 M). Fractions containing fragments larger than 30 kb were ligated into the BamHI cloning site of cosmid vector SuperCos™ (Stratagene), packaged in vitro (Gigapack II Gold™, Stratagene), and used to infect Escherichia coli strain DH5, which was subsequently plated on medium containing ampicillin (50 μg/ml). To identify mouse-specific clones, colonies were gridded in duplicate onto nylon filters (Hybond™, Amersham) followed by hybridization to a ³²P-labeled total genomic mouse DNA. Approximately 10% of the library (3×10⁴ clones per μg of genomic DNA) was found to contain mouse-specific inserts by this approach. The DNA insert of YAC clone C32D10 was subcloned by a similar approach, except that it was introduced as a partial MboI digest into the BamHI site of the bacteriophage vector λEMBL3™ (Stratagene). Cloning efficiency was 1.2×10⁵ pfu per μg of genomic insert DNA, and 3% of the clones were found to be mouse-specific. Cosmid and bacteriophage clones were expanded in culture and purified by standard protocols. A total of 40 cosmid and 30 phage clones hybridizing to total mouse DNA were isolated from these libraries; additional cosmid clones hybridizing to probes Vil, λMm1C165, and D1Mcg105 were obtained directly from a total mouse genomic library. Cosmid and phage clones were ordered by fingerprinting with enzymes EcoRI and HindIII and by hybridization to either total mouse DNA or single-copy probes from the region. This analysis allowed the construction of a cosmid and phage contig that spans approximately 400 kb and includes the two markers (Vil and λMm1C165) most tightly linked to the Bcg gene (FIG. 1C). The combined restriction maps of the YAC, cosmid, and phage clones from the region identified at least six CpG islands (numbered 1 to 6 in FIG. 1C), as defined by the clustering of two or more sites for enzymes with multiple CpG dinucleotides in their palindromic recognition sequences. Such CpG islands are often associated with the 5′ end of transcribed genes and have been used as landmarks to identify coding sequences within large genomic DNA domains (Vidal et al., 1993, Cell 73: 469-485).

II. EXON AMPLIFICATION IN THE CLONED DOMAIN

The technique of exon amplification was used to initiate a systematic search for candidate transcription units within the cloned cosmid contig. This method is based on the functional screening for splicing competent exons within a cloned genomic DNA fragment. The screening for splicing competent exon could also be accomplished by exon trapping or gene tracking (Rommens et al., 1993, Hum. Mol. Genet. 2: 901-907). Exon amplification was performed exactly as described by (Buckler et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 4005-4009). Cosmid clones cosvil7, cosvil17, scos9.1, scos2.2, and scos21.1 were independently digested (4 hr, 37° C.) with restriction enzymes BamHI and BgIII (Pharmacia) and subcloned as pools (one ligation per cosmid digest) into BamHI-digested and dephosphorylated pSPL1™ cloning vector, followed by transformation into E. coli strain DH5. The transformed cells were directly inoculated into 10 ml of LB broth containing ampicillin (50 μg/ml) and grown overnight, and plasmid DNA was isolated by the alkaline lysis method. Cloning efficiency was determined by parallel plating of transformed cells onto agar plates and was always superior to 2×10⁴ colonies per μg of pSPL1™ plasmid. COS-7 monkey cells were transiently transfected by electroporation using 5-10 μg of each DNA pool, followed by incubation at 37° C. for 72 hr, at which point cytoplasmic RNA was isolated as described by (Buckler et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 4005-4009). For first-strand cDNA synthesis, 1-5 μg of cytoplasmic RNA was incubated with 20 pmol of pSPL1-specific oligonucleotide primer SA4 (5′-CCCGTCGACCACCTGAGGAGTGAATTGGTCG-3′: SEQ ID NO:11) and incubated with 200 U of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase in a final reaction volume of 25 μl, under conditions suggested by the supplier of the enzyme (GIBCO-BRL). Trapped genomic exons were PCR amplified from the hybrid human immunodefiency virus tat cDNAs generated by the splice vector using tat-specific oligonucleotide primers SA4 and SD2 (5′-GTGAACTGCACTGTGACAAGCTGC-3′; SEQ ID NO:12). PCR-amplified exons were purified by gel electrophoresis and subjected to a second round of amplification using additional primers SA1 (5′-CCCGTCGACGTCGGGTCCCCTCGGGATTGG-3′; SEQ ID NO:13) and SD1 (5′-CCCGGATCCGCGACGAAGACCTCCTCAAGGC-3′; SEQ ID NO:14) immediately flanking the pSPL1 cloning site, using the PCR parameters and conditions described by (Buckler et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 4005-4009). Finally, amplified exons were purified by electrophoresis on low melting agarose gels and cloned directly into a dT-tailed (Marchuk et al., 1991, Nucl. Acids Res. 19: 1154) EcoRV-digested pBluescript II™ KS (+) plasmid vector (Stratagene). In this manner, a total of 22 putative exons ranging from 69 to 450 bp were recovered from these cosmids, and a summary of their characteristics is presented in Table 1.

In Table 1, (a) identifies individual cosmids derived from the cloned domain and used in exon amplification together with the names of individual exons derived from each of these cosmids; (b) the size of each exon was established by nucleotide sequencing; for the “Zoo blot” (c), evolutionary conservation of the cloned exons was determined by hybridization to Southern blots of genomic DNA from distantly related eukaryotes (see FIG. 3); (d) detection of corresponding mRNA transcripts was done by Northern blot analysis using total RNA from several normal mouse tissues and cell lines; (e) when indicated, cDNA clones corresponding to individual exons were isolated from two cDNA libraries constructed from the pre-B cell line 70/Z and normal rat brain; (f) common patterns of hybridization to cellular mRNAs detected in Northern blot analyses and/or cross-hybridization of cloned cDNAs to independent exons were used to order some of the identified exons into candidate (cd) transcription units (cd1 to cd6).

TABLE 1 Characteristics of Individual Exons Amplified from the Cloned Domain Trans- North- cript Size^(b) Zoo ern Speci- Cosmid^(a) Exon (bp) Blot^(c) Blot^(d) cDNA^(e) fied^(f) cosvil7 E5 85 ND ND − E32 163 ND + ND Vil cosvil1 7 E51 69 ND ND − E37 89 ND − − E50 92 ND − − E45 187 − − − E52 186 + + + cd5 E59 400 + + + cd2 E62 450 + + + cd2 scos 21.1 E15.1 200 − − − cos 165.1 E76 99 − ND ND E84 341 + + + cd1 E92 123 − − − cd6 E93 118 − + + cd1 E73 160 + + + cd1 E86 173 − − + cd6 scos 2.2 E8.57 220 + − + cd4 E9.64 200 − − − scos 9.1 E1.3 250 + − + cd3 E1.6 450 + − − E3.17 210 ND ND − E6.42 175 − ND −

Several criteria were used to distinguish bona fide exons from false positives and to group these true exons into transcription units. These included nucleotide sequencing and comparison to DNA sequence data bases (GenBank™ and EMBL™) and the capacity of discrete exons to recognize the following in hybridization experiments: the corresponding cosmid clone used to construct the pSPL1 library, genomic DNA sequences from distantly related species (“Zoo blots”), and specific mRNA transcripts or cDNA clones.

Initially, all exons were sequenced, and a homology search in the GenBank™ and EMBL™ data bases failed to detect homologous sequences, except for exon E32 (cosvil7), which was found to be part of the mouse Vil gene (89% identity to human VIL). Exons larger than 99 bp were then assessed for cross-species homology, using “Zoo blots” of genomic DNA from mouse, rat, human, pig, chicken, and fish (respectively, lanes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in FIG. 2). “Zoo blots” were prepared using BamHI-digested DNA (5-10 U per μg of DNA) from rat (liver), human (Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblasts), pig (liver), chicken (blood) and fish (liver), and fragmentation products were separated by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gels in TAE buffer, followed by capillary transfer to nylon membranes (Hybond) in 20×SSC (1×SSC is 0.15M NaCl, 0.015M sodium citrate). The low stringency hybridization conditions of the “zoo blot” included prehybridizations for 16 hr at 42° C. in a mixture of 35% formamide, 5×SSC, 1% SDS, 10% dextran sulfate, 0.02M Tris (ph 7.5), 1×Denhardt's solution (0.1% bovine serum albumin, 0.1% Ficoll™, 0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone), and denatured salmon sperm DNA (200 μg/ml). Hybridizations were performed in the same solution containing the ³²P-radiolabeled probe (1×10⁶ cpm/ml). The hybridized membranes were washed to a final stringency of 0.5×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 60° C. for 30 min. As summarized in FIG. 2 and Table 1, eight (8) of sixteen (16) exons tested by the “Zoo blot” approach showed cross-species conservation.

Northern blot analysis was carried out in order to identify the exons that could detect discrete mRNA transcripts. Total RNA was prepared from normal mouse tissues and cultured cells. Murine lymphoid tumor cell lines L1210 and P388, and monkey COS-7 cells were originally obtained from Dr. D. Housman (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.). Murine LTA and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were given by Dr. C. P. Stanners (McGill University, Montréal). J774A macrophages (ATCC accession number TIB67), RAG renal adenocarcinoma cells (ATCC accession number CCL142), adrenal cortex tumor cell line Y1 (ATCC accession number CCL79), were obtained from American Type Culture Collection. CT26 cells were obtained from Dr. N. Beauchemin (McGill University, Montréal). Rat hepatoma cell lines H35 and HCT were a gift of Dr. R. Levenson (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.). Adherent cells were grown in alpha-minimal essential medium (α-MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, and antibiotics (50 U/ml penicillin and 50 μg/ml steptomycin), while cells in suspension were grown in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 20 μM β-mercaptoethanol, and antibiotics. Splenic macrophages were isolated from CBA/J (Bcg^(r)) and C57BL/6J (Bcg^(s)) mice. To isolate enriched populations of splenic macrophages, groups of five mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and their spleens were aseptically removed. The spleens were gently teased with a scalpel and tweezers, and spleen cells were dispersed in 10 ml of cold complete RPMI 1640 (supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum) using a syringe fitted with a 22 g needle. Viable cells (2.5×10⁷) were plated in 15 ml of medium (150 mm dish) and allowed to adhere to the plastic surface by incubation at 37° C. for 4 hr in a 5% CO₂ atmosphere. Nonadherent cells were removed by succes-sive washes with warm phosphate-buffered saline, and adherent cells were detached using a rubber policeman after a 10 min incubation in cold phosphate-buffered saline. Between 2×10⁶ and 8×10⁶ viable adherent cells per mouse spleen could be purified by this method. The RNA was extracted using 6 M guanidinium hydrochloride and purified by sequential ethanol precipitations and phenolchloroform extractions. Total RNA (10 μg) was fractionated by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gels containing 0.66 M formaldehyde and MOPS buffer (1×MOPS is 40 mM morpholinopropanesulfonic acid, 10 mM sodium acetate, 10 mM EDTA [pH 7.2]) and blotted onto nylon membranes (GeneScreen Plus™, New England Nuclear) in 10×SSC. RNA blots were prehybridized for 2 hr at 65° C. in 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS, 10% dextran sulfate, and denatured salmon sperm DNA (100 μg/ml). Hybridization was performed for 20 hr at 65° C. in the same solution containing the ³²P-radiolabeled probe (0.5×10⁸ to 1×10⁸ cmp/ml), and hybridized membranes were then washed at a final stringency of 0.1×SSC, 1% SDS at 65° C. Autoradiography of all hybridized filters was performed with Kodak XAR™ film at −80° C. with an intensifying screen. All hybridization probes were labeled to high specific activity (10⁹ cpm per μg of DNA), using [α-³²P]dATP (DuPont, NEN Research Products, Boston, Mass.) by the random priming method. In this manner, 6 exons were grouped into three independent candidate transcription units (Table 1 and FIGS. 3A-J): E73, E84, and E93 detected a 1.5 kb transcript (candidate 1), E59 and E62 detected a 3.6 kb mRNA (candidate 2), and E52 detected a 2.5 kb transcript (candidate 5). However, many exons did not detect discrete mRNA transcripts by Northern blot analysis, possibly owing to low abundance or cell type-specific expression. Screening of cDNA libraries constructed in bacteriophage vectors λgt10 and λλgt11 and obtained by priming mRNA (pre-B cell line 70/Z; (Gros et al., 1986, Nature 323: 728-731) with oligo(dT) or random hexamers, respectively, and inserting the cDNA inserts in the unique EcoRI site of λgt10 or λgt11, with all candidate exons, independently or as pools was also performed. In addition, probes E8.57 and E1.3 were used to screen a cDNA library constructed in vector λgt11 and obtained by priming rat brain mRNA with random hexamers (R. Dunn, McGill University, Montréal). Positive phage clones were plaque purified by routine methods, and their insert was subcloned into the unique EcoRI site of plasmid vector pBluescript II KS(+) or bacteriophage M13mp18, two examples of prokaryotic vectors. Three additional candidate transcription units were identified in these screens: exon probes E8.57 and E86 each identified, in the pre-B cell mouse library, independent sets of overlapping clones corresponding to candidates 4 and 6, respectively, while exon probe E1.3 identified, in the rat brain library, another group of cDNAs corresponding to candidate 3 (Table 1). Therefore, 11 of the 22 putative exons defined a minimum of seven independent transcription units within the Bcg gene region, which included the Vil gene and candidates 1 to 6 (FIG. 1D).

III. CHARACTERIZATION OF CANDIDATE TRANSCRIPTION UNITS NEAR Bcg

Complementary DNA clones corresponding to the six candidate genes were isolated and used to determine their pattern of tissue-specific expression. Searches were conducted for genes expressed in the RE organs, such as the spleen and liver, and in particular for genes expressed in the mature tissue macrophages populating these organs, since these cells have been shown to be responsible for the phenotypic expression of Bcg. Genes whose expression profile included one of these tissues were further characterized by nucleotide sequencing of corresponding cDNAs. Nucleotide sequencing was performed by the dideoxy chain termination method, using modified T7 DNA polymerase (Pharmacia) and denatured double-stranded DNA templates or single-stranded M13mp18 recombinant phage template. Oligonucleotide primers were derived from the known sequence of the cDNA inserts or were plasmid based and flanked the cloning site used. In the case of Nramp and candidates 1 and 2, cDNA clones were obtained and characterized by nucleotide sequencing using at least two independent clones.

The expression profile of each candidate was established by Northern blot analysis, using total cellular RNA from normal mouse tissues and a number of cultured cell lines of distinct tissue origin (FIGS. 3A-J) and the exposure times were either 12 hr (E84 and E62) or 72 hr (E52, E1.3, E8.57, and E86) and reflect the relative abundance of each transcript.

Vil, originally used as an entry probe to screen the YAC genomic library, was identified by nucleotide sequencing of exon E32 (cosvil7). In Northern blots, probe E32 detected a 3.8 kb mRNA that was expressed exclusively in intestine and kidney and was absent from organs and cell types of the RE system. Villin is a cytoskeleton protein that participates in the Ca²⁺-dependent assembly of actin filaments in epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal and urogenital tract.

Candidate 1 was identified by exon probe E84 (cos165.1; FIGS. 1C and 1D). E84 showed very strong cross-species conservation on the “Zoo blot” (FIG. 2A) and detected 1.4 and 1.5 kb mRNA species expressed abundantly in a large number of tissues and cell types, including those of the RE system (FIGS. 3A and 3B). The highest levels of expression of this gene were detected in RNA from testis, spleen, embryo, the macrophage cell line J77A4, macrophage and lymphocyte populations of the spleen (FIG. 3A), and other cell lines of unrelated tissue origin (FIG. 3B). A set of overlapping cDNA clones were then isolated (clone frequency 1/500 in the pre-B cell library) and mapped with respect to the cloned domain. Hybridization to cosmid clones from the region showed that this gene is transcribed in the centromere to telomere direction, with its 5′ end associated with CpG island 2 (FIGS. 1C and 1d). Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the two mRNAs detected by Northern blot analysis have distinct 5′ ends but share an open reading frame that could encode a protein of 244 amino acids; this protein appears highly hydrophilic and did not have homology with sequences deposited in the GenBank™, EMBL™, and SwissProt™ data bases. The EMBL™, GenBank™, and SwissProt™ data bases were searched using the GCG™ software package (Devereux, 1991, Version 7.0, Madison, Wis.: Genetics Computer Group, Inc.) on a DEC VAX™ computer (Université de Montréal, Montréal).

Candidate 2 was identified by exon probe E62 (cosvil17; FIGS. 1C and 1D). E62 also showed strong cross-species conservation on the “Zoo blot” (FIG. 2B) and detected two mRNA transcripts of 3.3 and 3.6 kb that were abundantly and ubiquitously expressed in most tissues and cell lines analyzed (FIGS. 3C and 3D). The highest levels of expression were detected in embryo, kidney, intestine, liver, and spleen, while in cultured cell lines only the P388 leukemia did not express this gene. Full-length cDNA clones for these transcripts were then isolated (frequency 1/1000 in the pre-B cell library), and hybridization experiments indicated that this gene is transcribed in the centromere to telomere direction, with the 5′ end associated with CpG island 6 (FIGS. 1C and 1D). Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the two mRNA transcripts are generated from the same gene by the use of alternative polyadenylation signals, and both could encode a polypeptide of a minimum of 336 amino acids; like the candidate 1 gene product, this protein appears to be highly hydrophilic and does not have homology to sequences deposited in available data bases. Taken together, the ubiquitous nature and high levels of expression of candidates 1 and 2 in the panel of tissues and cell lines analyzed and their high degree of evolutionary conservation suggest that both genes may perform “housekeeping” functions.

Candidates 3, 4 and 6 were identified with exon probes E1.3, E8.57 and E86, respectively, which were amplified from three nonoverlapping cosmids (Table 1). Although evolutionary conservation was evident for some of these exons (E1.3 and E8.57; (FIGS. 2C AND 2D), all attempts to identify corresponding mRNAs by Northern blotting were unsuccessful (FIGS. 3G and 3H). Nevertheless, cDNA clones corresponding to each of these exons were successfully isolated. A 1.2 kb cDNA for candidate 3 was isolated from a rat brain cDNA library, using exon probe E1.3. Candidate 3 was found to map within cosmid scos9.1 at the proximal end of the cloned domain, distal to the locus D1Mcg105 and associated with CpG island 1 (FIGS. 1C and 1D). Overlapping cDNA clones of 2.5 kb and 3 kb were identified for candidate 4 by exon probe E8.57 in the pre-B cell cDNA library. Candidate 4 was found to overlap cosmid scos2.2, mapped 50 kb distal to candidate 3, and was not associated with a CpG island (FIGS. 1C and 1D). Unfortunately, we could not position candidates 3 and 4 with respect to the single crossover detected by linkage analysis between Bcg and D1Mcg105 and delineating the proximal boundary of the Bcg interval (Vidal et al., 1993, Cell 73: 469-485). Finally, a 1.2 kb cDNA clone for candidate 6 was isolated from the pre-B cell library. This gene was found to be included in cosmid cos165.1 and mapped near candidate 1, associated with CpG island 3 (FIGS 1C and 1D). However, since RNA expression could not be detected for these genes in any of the normal tissues or cultures cells analyzed, they were not characterized further.

Candidate 5 was identified by exon probe E52 (cosvil17). This probe showed a high degree of evolutionary conservation on the “Zoo blot” (FIG. 2E) and was used to isolate corresponding cDNA clones from the pre-B cell library. Twenty-two positive clones were identified (frequency 1/100,000), the longest clone being 2.4 kb. Candidate 5 was found to be entirely contained within cosvil17, mapping 50 kb proximal to Vil, and transcribed in the centromere to telomere direction (FIGS. 1C and 1D). Northern blotting analyses in normal tissues indicated that candidate 5 codes for a 2.5 kb mRNA whose expression could only be detected in the spleen (FIG. 3E); however, prolonged exposure of the autoradiogram in FIG. 3E also indicated low level expression of this gene in another RE organ, the liver. Moreover, fractionation of spleen cells into macrophage-enriched (adherent) and lymphocyte-enriched (nonadherent) subpopulations showed that candidate 5 expression was restricted to and greatly enhanced in the macrophage compartment (FIG. 3E). Likewise, analysis of candidate 5 expression in cell lines from distinct tissue origins showed that expression of this gene was restricted to the murine macrophage cell line J774A (FIG. 3F). In conclusion, unlike the other candidate genes identified within the cloned domain, candidate 5 expression is restricted to RE organs and is enriched in macrophage populations derived from these tissues and in a macrophage cell line. Expression of this gene in tissues and cell types known to express Bcg phenotypically, together with its chromosomal location, makes it a strong candidate for the Bcg gene. This gene has been given the appellation natural resistance-associated macrophage protein gene, or Nramp.

IV. Nramp ENCODES A NOVEL POLYPEPTIDE WITH CHARACTERISTICS OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC TRANSPORT PROTEINS

Several overlapping Nramp cDNA clones were isolated, and the complete nucleotide sequence of the longest Nramp clone (2.48 kb) is shown in FIG. 4 and in SEQ ID NO:1. Nucleotides are numbered positively in the 5′ to 3′ orientation to the right of each lane (top row), starting with the first nucleotide of the 5′ untranslated region and ending with the last nucleotide, including eleven (11) adenines of the poly(dA) tail. The deduced amino acid sequence is shown below the nucleotide sequence. Amino acids are numbered to the right of each lane (bottom row), starting with the first in-frame methionine, and ending with the TGA termination codon (*), located immediately downstream of glycine 484. Predicted N-linked glycosylation sites are indicated by bracketed groups of residues corresponding to the sequence N-X-S/T, and predicted phosphorylation sites for protein kinase C (S/T-X-R/K) are circled. Highly hydrophobic segments corresponding to putative membrane-spanning (TM) domains are underlined. The binding-protein-dependent transport system inner membrane component signature (Kerppola and Ames, 1992, J. Biol. Chem. 267: 2329-2336) located between predicted TM6 and TM7 is indicated by a series of “m”. The position of the glycine (G) to aspartic acid (D) substitution at position 105 within predicted TM 2, which is associated with susceptibility (Bcg^(s)), is shown. The presence of several stop codons in all reading frames within the first 468 nt of the cDNA indicates that this region is untranslated. The first possible initiator ATG codon is followed by a segment of 1452 nucleotide, forming a single open reading frame that can encode a polypeptide of 484 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of approximately 53,000 (FIG. 4 and SEQ ID NO:2). The in-frame termination codon (TGA) immediately downstream of Gly-484 is followed by 557 nucleotides of 3′ untranslated region, ending with eleven (11) consecutive adenosine residues. The sequence immediately upstream of the poly(dA) tail contains an intact AATAAA polyadenylation signal. The size of the longest Nramp cDNA (2.48 kb) is compatible with the estimated size (2.5 kb) of the Nramp transcript expressed in splenic macrophages and macrophage cell lines (FIG. 3E).

A search of the GenBank™ and SwissProt™ date bases revealed that the Nramp gene encodes a polypeptide with no apparent sequence similarity to any previously identified protein. However computer-assisted analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence of the Nramp gene product using the motifs algorythm (Bairoch, 1991, Nucl. Acids Res. 19: 2241-2245) reveals a number of significant structural features. In particular, a hydropathy analysis identifies a series of strongly hydrophobic domains that are similar to the membrane-spanning regions of polytopic membrane proteins (Gros et al., 1986, Nature 323: 728-731).

The hydropathy plots were obtained by standard computer-assisted analysis, using the algorithm and hydropathy values of (Kyte and Doolittle 1982, J. Mol. Biol. 157: 105-132) for a window of eleven (11) amino acids, ten (10) potential transmembrane domains (TM) were identified in the Nramp protein (underlined in FIG. 4), although as many as twelve (12) could be accommodated by the sequence. The Nramp gene product also contains two potential N-linked glycosylation site (N-X-S/T) at positions 257 and 271, clustered within a highly hydrophilic region between predicted TM 5 and TM 6 (FIG. 4), and two potential sites for phosphorylation by protein kinase C (S/T-X-R/K; Woodget et al., 1986, Eur. J. Biochem. 161: 177-184), one within a hydrophilic region flanked by predicted TM 4 and TM 5 (position 205) and another near the carboxyl terminus (position 466).

In addition, the Nramp protein contains a precisely conserved sequence motif known as the “binding-protein-dependent transport system inner membrane component signature”, first identified in a group of bacterial transport proteins (Kerppola and Ames 1992, J. Biol. Chem. 267: 2329-2336). This twenty (20) amino acid transport motif spans positions 306 to 325 of Nramp and is located between predicted TM 6 and TM 7 (FIG. 4). Bacterial binding-protein-dependent transport systems, or periplasmic permeases, are multisubunit transporters composed of a periplasmic substrate-binding protein, one- or two homologous inner membrane proteins, and one or two peripheral ATP-binding energy coupling subunits. The integral membrane subunits are highly hydrophobic and are believed to participate in substrate translocation across the membrane. Although these proteins show little primary sequence homology, they all share a similar predicted membrane organization, including a minimum of 5 TM domains and the conserved transport motif located amino-terminal to the last 2 TM domains (95 to 130 residues from their carboxyl terminus) on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane (Kerppola and Ames 1992, J. Biol. Chem. 267: 2329-2336). Alignment of the consensus transport sequence detected in bacterial and eukaryotic transporters and shared by Nramp is shown in FIG. 5. The sequence alignment of this motif is presented for the histidine (HisQ), maltose (MalF), phosphate (PstA, PstC), and molybdenum (ChlJ) bacterial transporters, together with the corresponding motifs detected in the eukaryotic nitrate transporter CrnA and in Nramp. In the alignment, the conserved residues are stippled and the degenerate consensus sequence is shown at the top. The evolutionary conservation of this motif in otherwise nonhomologous membrane components of bacterial transporters acting on different substrates probably reflects a common mechanistic aspect of transport. Indeed, it has been proposed that this protein fold may participate in physical interaction and/or functional coupling between the membrane subunits and the peripheral ATP-binding subunits (Kerppola and Ames, 1992, J. Biol. Chem 267: 2329-2336). Bacterial periplasmic permeases are members of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily of membrane transporters, which also includes homologs in lower and higher eukaryotes (Buschman et al., 1992, Int. Rev. Cytol. 137C: 169-197). These have been shown to participate in the outward translocation of specific substrates across cellular membranes. The conserved transport motif has not been retained by the eukaryotic ATP-binding cassette transporters, where the ATP-binding subunits and membrane anchors are integrated in the same polypeptide (Buschman et al., 1992, Int. Rev. Cytol. 137C: 169-197). However, a data base search revealed that a similar motif is present in certain eukaryotic transport proteins of the non-ATP-binding cassette type, including the (Na⁺,K⁺) ATPase of Drosophila melanogaster and the uracil permease of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Vidal et al., 1993, Cell 73: 469-485). In this group, the permease for nitrate uptake encoded by the crnA gene of the eukaryote Aspergillus nidulans is of particular interest (Vidal et al., 1993, Cell 73: 469-485). Similarly to Nramp, the CrnA protein is composed of 483 amino acids, with 10 putative TM domains (Vidal et al., 1993, Cell 73: 469-485) and the conserved transport motif located between predicted TM 6 and TM 7 (FIGS. 4 and 5). Thus, while the Nramp protein shows little primary sequence homology to other membrane proteins, it does have structural similarities with a variety of bacterial and eukaryotic transport proteins. In particular, Nramp has similarity with the nitrate transporter CrnA, not only with respect to size and the number and distribution of hydrophobic domains, but also with respect to the presence and position of the conserved transport motif.

V. A MUTATION IN PREDICTED TM 2 OF MOUSE Nramp IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE Bcg^(s) PHENOTYPE

Kinetic analysis of mRNA levels in control and infected macrophages revealed that the level of Nramp gene expression was similar in Bcg^(r) and Bcg^(s) mice and did not fluctuate significantly during the course of infection in vivo. Therefore, to assess the candidacy of this gene further, we analyzed mRNA transcripts from Bcg^(r) and Bcg^(s) strains for the presence of sequence alterations in the coding portion of the Nramp gene. Two pairs of oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify Nramp-specific cDNAs by PCR from 2 Bcg^(s) (BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J) and 3 Bcg^(r) strains (C57L/J, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2J). The amplified products were then subcloned and fully sequenced. A single nucleotide difference was found to segregate between Bcg^(r) and Bcg^(s) mice: the 3 resistant strains presented a guanine at nucleotide 783 (amino acid 105), while the 2 susceptible strains presented an adenine at the same position (FIG. 6). This nucleotide variation results in a single amino acid change, a glycine to aspartic acid substitution at position 105 within the second predicted TM domain. In addition, two silent mutations were detected in the 5′ portion of the Nramp transcript from C3H/HeJ mice, one at nucleotide 563 (Ala-32, GCG→GCC) and another at nucleotide 1169 (Phe-234, TTC→TTT); the other resistant and susceptible strains tested were identical at these two positions (Ala-32, GCG; Phe-234, TTC) (FIG. 6).

To confirm the segregation of the observed sequence variation between resistant and susceptible mouse strains the 5′ half of the Nramp transcript has now been analyzed in a total of 20 Bcg^(r) strains and 7 Bcg^(s) strains. A compilation of the results is presented in FIG. 6. Among all the polymorphisms detected within Nramp in the 27 strains tested, four out of five were silent mutations. The first was a G→C transversion at nucleotide 565 (GCG→GCC, Ala³², TM1) detected in A/J, C3H/HeJ, CBA/J. NZB/B1NJ, NOD/Lt and Mus spretus, the second was a C→A transversion at nucleotide 784 (GGC→GGA, Gly¹⁰⁵, TM2) specific to the SWR/J strain, the third was a C→T transition at nucleotide 1171 (TTC→TTT, Phe²³⁴, TM5) in A/J, C3H/HeJ, NZB/B1NJ and CBA/J strains, and the fourth was a G→A transition at nucleotide 1444 (AAG→AAA, Lys³²⁵, consensus transport sequence motif) specific to the NOD/Lt strain. The G→A transition at nucleotide 783 resulting in a Gly to Asp substitution at position 105 of Nramp within predicted TM2 was the only non-silent mutation identified in Nramp and was also the only one which segregated according to the Bcg type of all strains tested: the 20 BCG-R strains presented a guanine at nucleotide 783 (Gly¹⁰⁵), while the 7 BCG-S strains presented an adenine (Asp¹⁰⁵) at that position. Therefore, the analysis of 14 inbred strains of various ancestral origins confirmed and extended to 27 inbred strains the absolute association of the Gly vs Asp substitution at position 105 with the BCG-R and BCG-S phenotypes, respectively. Although this sequence analysis identified additional novel sequence polymorphisms within Nramp, they neither affected the predicted sequence of the protein nor were associated with the Bcg phenotype. A helical wheel representation of TM 2 reveals that this mutated residue maps on a strongly hydrophobic face of the proposed helix. Accordingly, a Gly to Asp substitution at this position would be expected to profoundly alter the physical properties of this proposed transmembrane domain. This could in turn affect the overall membrane-associated structure and/or membrane insertion of the protein in the susceptible mouse strains. These findings, together with the chromosomal location, the homology to the nitrate transporter CrnA, the role of simple oxidized nitrogen metabolites in the cytocidal response of macrophages to ingested intracellular parasites, and the macrophage-specific expression of Nramp, identify this gene as a strong candidate for Bcg.

The confirmation that Nramp indeed is Bcg has now been demonstrated in vivo in mouse by “knock out”. Accordingly, it has been shown that the mutation in the transmembrane 2 (TM2) region of Nramp is sufficient to confer the sensitivity phenotype to a mouse having the proper genetic make-up for the experiment.

VI. ISOLATION OF TWO (2) HUMAN Nramp cDNAS AND AN ADDITIONAL MOUSE Nramp cDNA

The strategy to isolate the human counterpart of mouse Nramp was based on two major findings:

1) the “Zoo blot” results showed that exon E62 (candidate 5; FIG. 2E) showed a high degree of evolutionary conservation, and identified a relatively strong human DNA band (FIG. 2E, lane 2); and

2) Northern blotting analyses indicated that E52 (candidate 5, Nramp) was expressed in liver, hence the screening of a liver cDNA library to isolate the human Nramp cDNA.

We thus reasoned that screening of a human liver cDNA library under low stringency conditions, similar to those used for the “Zoo blot”, would yield the sought after human Nramp counterpart. A 1.2 kb Eco RI Sac II fragment from the mouse Nramp cDNA was used in a low stringency screen of a human liver cDNA library (Stratagene). One (1) putative human Nramp cDNA clone was isolated, sequenced and showed an approximately 75% homology to mouse Nramp. Using the same 1.2 kb Eco RI Sac II probe on a cosmid library under high stringency, a human genomic clone was isolated and sequenced. Surprisingly, however, comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the human cDNA clone and the human genomic clone indicated that they were different, suggesting that more than one gene for Nramp was present in humans. Since the genomic human Nramp clone was more closely related to the mouse Nramp cDNA clone than it was to the human cDNA clone, the former was termed human Nramp-1 (SEQ ID NO:3) and the latter human Nramp-2 (SEQ ID NO:5). Using the mouse Nramp cDNA and human Nramp-2 cDNA, gene specific probes were identified. A mouse Nramp specific probe was used at high stringency to screen a human spleen cDNA library and permitted the isolation of several human Nramp-1 cDNA clones. Similarly, a human Nramp-2 specific probe was used to re-screen the 70/Z mouse pre-B cDNA library and permitted the isolation of several cDNA clones corresponding to mouse Nramp-2 cDNA. One such cDNA clone, was sequenced and shown to comprise 2.967 kb (SEQ. ID NO:26). An AUG found at position 50 in SEQ. ID NO:26 initiates an open reading frame of 568 amino acids (SEQ. ID NO:26 and SEQ. ID NO:27) displaying substantial identity to MNramp-1 and its human counterparts. The initiator AUG has not been formerly identified since, while no upstream AUG is found upstream of the predicted initiator at position 50, the open reading frame shown in SEQ. ID NO:27 can be further extended at the N-terminus by translating from base pair position 2 in SEQ. ID NO:26, giving rise to a predicted protein of 584 amino acids (SEQ. ID NO:28).

The nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of human Nramp-1 (HNramp-1; 1.73 kb; SEQ ID NO:3) and human Nramp-2 (HNramp-2; 1.87 kb; SEQ ID NO:5) are shown in the sequence listing. A sequence mistake was identified in HNramp-1, as a C was shown to be missing between the two (2) A at positions 221 and 222, respectively (SEQ. ID NO:3). Insertion of the missing C permits a N-terminal extension of the open reading frame of HNramp-1 to yield a predicted protein of 550 amino acids (SEQ. ID NO:29 and SEQ ID NO:30) that initiates at an AUG found at position 80 of SEQ. ID NO:3. A one amino acid change at the N-terminus of HNramp-2 has been corrected in SEQ ID NO:31 and SEQ ID NO:32. The human Nramp-2 cDNA appears to be truncated at the 5′ end (FIG. 7).

Mapping of the end of the MNramp-1 transcript by S1 nuclease analysis identified an unspliced intron in the DNA sequence of the MNramp-1 cDNA clone (SEQ. ID NO:1). The 3′ end of this intron maps upstream of the C at position 415 in SEQ. ID NO:1, thereby interrupting an open reading frame that is predicted to initiate at an AUG in an upstream exon (not present in SEQ. ID NO:1). The sequence of a longer MNramp-1 cDNA clone of 2.276 kb, isolated by screening the 70/Z mouse pre-B library using probes from the 5′-terminal end of the partial MNramp-1 clone (SEQ. ID NO:1) is presented as SEQ. ID NO:24. A protein of 548 amino acids is predicted to be encoded by this full length MNramp-1 cDNA clone (SEQ. ID NO:24).

Comparison of the human and mouse predicted NRAMP protein sequences revealed a remarkable degree of conservation between the two polypeptides, with 88% identical residues and 93% overall sequence similarity. Substitutions were not randomly distributed along the length of the protein but were clustered within discrete predicted structural domains (FIG. 7). The extreme amino (residues 1-50, 66% identity) and carboxy terminal ends (residues 517-550, 74% identity) of the two proteins were the least conserved segments, and gaps of 3 residues (positions 20-22 of mouse sequence) and 1 residue (position 546 of human sequence) had to be introduced to optimize alignments in these segments. In addition, the predicted second (TM 3-4 segment, positions 218-240; 63% identity) and third extracytoplasmic loops (TM5-6 segment, positions 310-349; 67% identity) showed significant sequence divergence. The fifth putative intracytoplasmic loop located between TM 8-9 (positions 450-468, 61% identity) and the last predicted TM10 domain (positions 496-517, 67% identity) also contained a cluster of substitutions that were mainly conservative. The rest of the amino terminal third up to and including TM3 (residues 50 to 217) and the segment overlapping TM6 to TM8 (residues 340 to 462) were the most conserved portions (97% identical, 99% similar) (FIGS. 2E, 2F). The mouse Nramp protein was predicted to encode two consensus signals (S/T-X-R/K) for phosphorylation by protein kinase C, one in the predicted intracytoplasmic loop between TM 4 and 5, and another one in the extreme C-terminal domain (Vidal et al., 1993, Cell 73:469-485). These two predicted sites were not conserved in the human protein, instead a new one was found within the N-terminal region (position 54, FIG. 1A). By contrast, both proteins have retained the two predicted N-linked glycosylation sites within the third predicted extracellular loop (TM 5-6 interval). As expected, the “binding protein dependent transport system inner membrane component signature” was highly conserved in human NRAMP, including a conservative arginine to lysine substitution at the last position (position 392) of the motif. The highly hydrophobic predicted membrane associated domains of the proteins were strikingly conserved in the two species. Predicted TM 1-8 were identical in sequence (except for a single isoleucine to valine conservative substitution in TM 6), including four charged amino acids in TM 1, 2, 3 and 7. This suggests that these TM domains and residues play key structural and functional roles in this protein, and also suggests that non-conservative substitutions are not tolerated in these regions to retain function. This extremely high degree of conservation in the transmembrane domains is somewhat surprising since conservative substitution of hydrophobic amino acids are usually tolerated in TM domains without alteration or loss of function between homologs of the same proteins. This is of particular interest since the only amino acid sequence variation detected in Nramp between inbred mouse strains of opposite genotypes at Bcg is a single non-conservative glycine to aspartic acid substitution within predicted TM2 identified in innately susceptible (Bcg^(s)) strains. The observation that this TM domain in general, and glycine in particular are precisely conserved in human and mouse, strongly argues that this domain is important for function, and that non-conservative substitution in this region are likely to affect the function of this putative transporter.

The Nramp-2 mRNA transcripts were found to be ubiquitously expressed in all tissues tested. The level of Nramp-2 expression was fairly low and its detection by Northern blotting required the use poly A+RNA. This is in sharp contrast to the Nramp-1 gene which was found to be expressed in a tissue specific fashion in reticuloendothelial organs, in general, and mature tissue macrophages, in particular.

The high degree of sequence similarity between Nramp-1 and Nramp-2 strongly suggests an underlying functional homology. Both types of proteins could act on the same type of substrates but in different tissues.

Now isolated, the Nramp DNAs can be used in a variety of ways. For example, Nramp can be inserted in an expression vector. Such vectors contain all necessary regulatory signals to promote the expression of a DNA segment of interest. Expression vectors are typically either prokaryote specific, or eukaryote specific. However, vectors have been developed which can promote the expression of a DNA sequence of interest in either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic system. Such vectors are known as shuttle vectors.

The methods of subcloning cDNA inserts into vectors is well-known in the art (Sambrook et al. 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). Bluescript II KS(+) or M13mp18, mentioned above are two examples of prokaryotic vectors. Once having inserted the Nramp sequences or parts thereof, they can be transformed into a bacterial host according to well-known methods Sambrook et al. 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). An example of a prokaryotic expression vector is plasmid pT7-5 (lacY) which has been shown to functionally express the mouse multidrug resistance protein (Bibi et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:9209-9213) an example of an expression vector for mammalian cells is vector pMT2 described in Wong et al., 1996, (Science 228:810-814).

Prokaryotic expression vectors are useful for the preparation of large quantities (up to milligram quantities) of the protein encoded by a DNA sequence of interest. This protein, or immunogenic peptide portions of same, can be used for example as a source of highly pure immunogen for the generation of specific antibodies. Alternatively, these proteins may be useful for therapeutic applications. The eukaryotic expression vectors are useful for expressing the DNA sequence of interest, or part thereof and can permit sophisticated analysis of the functional regions of the protein encoded therefrom. For example, Nramp having previously been mutagenised in vitro, could be introduced in macrophage cells, by well-known methods, and these macrophages could be challenged with infectious agents in order to assess the resistance/sensitivity phenotype.

The expression vectors mentioned above all contain an EcoRI site for the cloning of the insert to be expressed. Other methods of engineering of the particular insert to be inserted into the expression vector mentioned or other well-known expression vectors, are well known in the art. It should be understood that other types of vectors for specific functions could also be used, such as vectors designed for gene replacement. Thus, a number of additional elements could be present within the vectors, that would confer to same additional properties, like selection methods or designed at ensuring expression of the inserted nucleic acid.

The present invention will be more readily apparent by referring to the following examples which are given to illustrate the invention rather than to limit its scope.

EXAMPLE 1 Diagnostic Test to Identify Bcg^(r) and Bcg^(s) Mouse Strains

Inbred mouse strains A/J, AKR/J, BUB/BnJ, CBA/J, C3H/HeJ, C57BR/cdJ, C57L/J, C58/J, DBA/2J, L129/J, LP/J, Mus spretus, NOD/Lt, NZB/BINJ, P/J, PL/J, RIIIS/J, RF/J, SJL/J, SWR/J (all Bcg^(r)), BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J, C57BL/10J, CE/J, DBA/1J and NZW/LacJ were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.), and SWV mice were kindly provided by Dr. F. Biddle (University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta). Total spleen RNA from A/J, AKR/J, BUB/BnJ, CBA/J, C3H/HeJ, C57BR/cdJ, C57L/J, C58/J, DBA/2J, L129/J, LP/J, Mus spretus, NOD/Lt, NZB/BINJ, P/J, PL/J, RIIIS/J, RF/J, SJL/J, SWR/J (all Bcg^(r)), BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J, C57BL/10J, CE/J, DBA/1J, NZW/LacJ and SWV (all Bcg^(s)) mouse strains was extracted and used to isolate strain-specific cDNA clones for Nramp. First-strand cDNA synthesis was carried out using 2 μg of total RNA, 100 ng of random hexamers, and 200 U of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (Bethesda Research Laboratories). The primer-RNA mixture was first incubated for 5 min at 65° C., followed by addition of enzyme and further incubation at 37° C. for 90 min. The reaction conditions for cDNA synthesis were as previously described by (Epstein et al., 1991, Cell 67: 767-774). Nramp cDNA clones were obtained by PCR amplification of two contiguous fragments, A (787 bp) and B (857 bp), overlapping the entire coding region of the mRNA, using sequence-specific oligonucleotide primers 5′-TACATTCAGCCTGAGGGAGC-3′; SEQ ID NO:15 (positions 421-440 in FIG. 4) and 5′-TTGCTGGTAGAAGGCCTGAC-3′ SEQ ID NO:16 (positions 1207-1198 in FIG. 4) for fragment A, and primers 5′-CTCTTCGTCATGGCTG-3′ SEQ ID NO:17 (positions 1166-1181 in FIG. 4) and 5′-CGAGGTAAAGCACTTGTC-3′ SEQ ID NO:18 (positions 2037-2020 in FIG. 4) for fragment B. Parameters for PCR amplification were 1 min at 94° C., 1 min at 60° C., and 2 min at 72° C. for 30 cycles, followed by a final extension period of 10 min at 72° C., under experimental conditions suggested by the supplier of Taq polymerase (BIOCAN). Amplified products were gel purified and cloned directly into a dT-tailed (Marchuk et al., 1991, Nucl. Acids Res. 19: 1154) pBluescript II KS(+) vector (Stratagene), and at least three independent clones for each fragment and each mouse strain were sequenced. As shown in FIG. 6, sequence analysis of the Nramp mRNA transcripts from 27 Bcg^(r) and Bcg^(s) mouse strains identified a G to A transition at nucleotide 783 in all susceptible strains, and translating in a Glycine to Aspartate mutation.

EXAMPLE 2 Strain Variations in Macrophage Activation for Tumor Toxicity (Bcg gene effects)

A peritoneal cell suspension was obtained from C. parvum-treated BALB/c (Bcg^(s)) or BALB/c.CD2 (Bcg^(r)) mice strains according to (Kaplan, 1981, In: Methods for studying Mononuclear Phagocytes, Acad. Press, pp775-783; Meltzer, ibid, pp785-791). The macrophages present in that suspension (8×10⁵ macrophages/0.5 ml) were allowed to adhere to bottoms of 16-mm culture wells and incubated with 5×10⁴ ³H-TdR-labeled 1023 fibrosarcoma target cells (Meltzer et al., 1975, JNCI 54: 1171-1184) for 18 hours. Labeled tumor cell monolayers, digested with 0.5% SDS in water were used to estimate total incorporated counts. Cytotoxicity was estimated by measuring release to the medium of incorporated ³H-TdR for prelabeled tumor cells in triplicate cultures and was expressed as percentage of total SDS counts. As shown in Table 2, the tumoricidal activity of the macrophages from the BALB/c.CD2 (Bcg^(r)) donor mouse is more than two (2) fold higher than that from the BALB/c (Bcg^(s)) mouse. The difference in macrophage tumor cytotoxicity between BALB/c and BALB/c.CD2 groups is statistically significant at p<0.01.

TABLE 2 Influence of Bcg on macrophage activation for tumor cytotoxicity Tumoricidal Activity Donor of Macrophages (% total counts) BALB/c (Bcg^(s)) 31 ± 4 BALB/c.CD2 (Bcg^(r)) 63 ± 5 Medium 11 ± 2

EXAMPLE 3 Partial Sequence Analysis of Nramp from Distantly Related Species

To substantiate the importance of the predicted TM2 segment in Nramp-1 in which residue 105 is located, the portion of the Nramp transcript encoding the predicted TM2 from Nramp DNA or cDNA clones of rat (strains ACI, BB, Buffalo and BN), human (nine individuals) and chicken (strain C, W, 15I, N, 6₁ and 7₂) origins were cloned and sequenced. To isolate these clones, different methods were used. The rat clone for example was isolated using a mouse Nramp-1 probe selected from a well conserved region. The probe was used to screen a rat cDNA library under low stringency hybridization conditions as exemplified by the “Zoo blot” hybridization conditions mentioned above. The rabbit Nramp sequence was isolated using selected oligos and using standard RT-PCR conditions at low stringency (“PCR Protocols-A Guide to methods and applications”, 1990, M. A. Innis et al., Eds., Acad. Press, Ca) to facilitate oligonucleotide annealing. Other well-known methods to isolate cDNAs 30 or fragment thereof could be used. To obtain a full length clone, the fragment of Nramp isolated for example by low stringency hybridization, could be used at high stringency in an intra-species hybridization experiment.

As shown in FIG. 8, the sequence of TMT2 is well conserved in the four species analyzed. In fact, only two amino acid variations are detected in this domain between the chicken protein and that from the other species, a Val to Thr substitution at position 111 and a Phe to Leu substitution at position 114. These results suggest that TM2 plays an important functional role and that substitutions in codon 105 have not been tolerated during evolution in order to preserve function. Based on the conservation of the TM2 domains between distantly related animal species, and the absolute correlation between the Bcg^(r) phenotype and the presence of Gly at position 105 in mouse Nramp1, the TM2 domain appears as a good target to identify genetic differences between animals which are resistant/susceptible to antigenically unrelated intracellular parasites, and more specifically, to identify in the human population genetic differences correlating with the susceptibility to tuberculosis and other intracellular macrophage infections such as leprosy, typhoid fever and Kala Azar.

EXAMPLE 4 Identification of Polymorphism and Sequence Variants in the Human Natural Resistant-associated Macrophage Protein (NRAMP) Gene

Several methods were used to search for mutation in the Nramp-1 gene in genomic DNA of a panel of individuals which included nine members of an extended aboriginal Canadian families and twenty-four individuals from 11 Hong-Kong families. DNA samples were obtained from EBV-transformed cell lines of nine unrelated native Canadians who are members of an extended multiplex tuberculosis family, twenty-four unrelated individuals from eleven Chinese tuberculosis families, and from white blood cells of sixty unrelated Caucasian and twenty unrelated Oriental individuals. High molecular weight genomic DNA was extracted from EBV-transformed cells and white blood cells according to standard protocols Sambrook et al. (1989, Molecular Cloning: Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Coldspring Harbor Laboratory Press), quantified by standard UV spectroscopy, and stored at 4° C. in te(pH8).

Polymorphisms have been identified within and around the human Nramp-1 gene. For example, southern blot analysis of an ApI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was detected (allelel=5 kb, allele2=4 kb+1 kb) by using a Nramp cDNA probe. Sequencial hybridization using Nramp exon probes to DNA from individuals heterozygous for the RFLP and direct sequencing identified the polymorphism.

For southern analysis, 5 μg of genomic or 1 μg of cosmid DNA were digested with restriction enzymes using conditions and quantities recommended by the supplier (New England BioLabs). The digested DNA samples were size separated on agarose gels, transferred onto Hybond™ nylon membranes (Amersham), and hybridized with probes labelled to high specific activity (5×10⁸ cpm/μg of DNA) with α-³²P-dATP (Amersham, specific activity>3,000 Ci/mmol) under high stringency conditions. All Nramp derived probes were preannealed with 400 μg of human placental DNA in 1 ml hybridization medium for 1 hour at 65° C.

The identification of such a polymorphism can serve as the basis for the study of the association of defect in Nramp and susceptibility/resistance of individuals to tuberculosis. Furthermore, the polymorphism can be cloned by screening a genomic human library using well-known, subcloning and screening procedures. The desired clone can be followed with the ApaI- RFLP using standard conditions. Once obtained, this genomic clone can be used to obtain subclones and sequence the DNA around the Apa-1 site. Sequencing is performed by routine methods, and permits the identification of the site of the RFLP, within the coding region or within intron sequences. The sequences flanking the RFLP, can be used to derive oligonucleotide primers for PCR analysis of human DNA, and/or, if the RFLP is shown to be present within the coding region, RT-PCR can be used with oligonucleotide derived from the sequencing analysis. It follows that the sequencing analysis can also identify the molecular basis for the RFLP. Other methods such as single strand conformation analysis (SSCA) can be used in order to analyse whether the sequence variants are associated with human susceptibility to tuberculosis, leprosy, typhoid fever, and Kala Azar.

While the invention has been described with particular reference to the illustrated embodiment, it will be understood that numerous modifications thereto will appear to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the above description and accompanying drawings should be taken as illustrative of the invention and not in a limiting sense.

32 2485 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA NO NO Mus musculus Blood B-cell precursor 70/Z MNramp-1 chromosome 1 CDS 469..1923 1 GTCGGGCCAA ACCCTGAAAT AGAGTTGAGT GACTGAGACC TCAGTGGTCC CCAGAGAGAA 60 GAGCCTGAAG TATGAGAAGG GTCTGGGGAG GGAAGAGCTG TAACAGGGAG GTTTAATTAC 120 AACAAGGTCC CCCTCTTGGG ACTCTGAGAA GCCTGAAAGA GGCAGACAGG TCATGTGCTG 180 GCCAGCTGCA GAGGCTGCTG CTGAACAGGA CCAACCCAGA AAGCAGAGCC ATAGTGACTC 240 AGCAAATGGC CCTGGTCCCT CGGGGGACGG GCAGCGGTGG CATTGGGTGG GTGATGGAGG 300 ACAGGGCTGG CCAGCCTGAC TGAAGAAGAT ACCTGCTGAG TTTTTAGCTG AGGGGATGGT 360 CAAGGCCAGC TGCATCCATC CAGGAGCTAA CATGACCCGA TCTGCTTGCA CCCCCAGGGT 420 ACATTCAGCC TGAGGAAGCT GTGGGCGTTC ACGGGGCCTG GTTTCCTC ATG AGC ATC 477 Met Ser Ile 1 GCT TTC CTT GAC CCG GGA AAC ATT GAG TCC GAC CTT CAA GCT GGC GCT 525 Ala Phe Leu Asp Pro Gly Asn Ile Glu Ser Asp Leu Gln Ala Gly Ala 5 10 15 GTG GCT GGG TTC AAA CTC CTC TGG GTG CTG CTC TGG GCG ACT GTG CTA 573 Val Ala Gly Phe Lys Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Trp Ala Thr Val Leu 20 25 30 35 GGT TTG CTG TGC CAG CGG CTG GCT GCC CGG CTG GGC GTG GTG ACA GGC 621 Gly Leu Leu Cys Gln Arg Leu Ala Ala Arg Leu Gly Val Val Thr Gly 40 45 50 AAG GAC TTG GGT GAA GTC TGC CAT CTC TAC TAC CCC AAG GTG CCC CGC 669 Lys Asp Leu Gly Glu Val Cys His Leu Tyr Tyr Pro Lys Val Pro Arg 55 60 65 ATC CTC CTC TGG CTG ACC ATT GAG CTG GCC ATT GTG GGC TCA GAT ATG 717 Ile Leu Leu Trp Leu Thr Ile Glu Leu Ala Ile Val Gly Ser Asp Met 70 75 80 CAG GAA GTC ATC GGG ACG GCT ATC TCC TTC AAT CTG CTC TCC GCT GGA 765 Gln Glu Val Ile Gly Thr Ala Ile Ser Phe Asn Leu Leu Ser Ala Gly 85 90 95 CGC ATC CCG CTG TGG GGC GGT GTA CTG ATC ACC ATT GTG GAC ACC TTC 813 Arg Ile Pro Leu Trp Gly Gly Val Leu Ile Thr Ile Val Asp Thr Phe 100 105 110 115 TTC TTC CTC TTC TTG GAT AAC TAT GGT TTG CGC AAG CTG GAA GCT TTC 861 Phe Phe Leu Phe Leu Asp Asn Tyr Gly Leu Arg Lys Leu Glu Ala Phe 120 125 130 TTC GGT CTC CTC ATT ACC ATA ATG GCT TTG ACC TTC GGC TAT GAG TAT 909 Phe Gly Leu Leu Ile Thr Ile Met Ala Leu Thr Phe Gly Tyr Glu Tyr 135 140 145 GTG GTA GCA CAC CCT TCC CAG GGA GCG CTC CTT AAG GGC CTG GTG CTG 957 Val Val Ala His Pro Ser Gln Gly Ala Leu Leu Lys Gly Leu Val Leu 150 155 160 CCC ACC TGT CCG GGC TGT GGG CAG CCC GAG CTG CTG CAG GCA GTG GGC 1005 Pro Thr Cys Pro Gly Cys Gly Gln Pro Glu Leu Leu Gln Ala Val Gly 165 170 175 ATC GTC GGT GCC ATC ATC ATG CCC CAT AAC ATC TAC CTG CAC TCA GCC 1053 Ile Val Gly Ala Ile Ile Met Pro His Asn Ile Tyr Leu His Ser Ala 180 185 190 195 TTG GTC AAG TCT AGA GAA GTA GAC AGA ACC CGC CGG GTG GAT GTT CGA 1101 Leu Val Lys Ser Arg Glu Val Asp Arg Thr Arg Arg Val Asp Val Arg 200 205 210 GAA GCC AAC ATG TAC TTC CTG ATT GAG GCC ACC ATC GCC CTA TCG GTG 1149 Glu Ala Asn Met Tyr Phe Leu Ile Glu Ala Thr Ile Ala Leu Ser Val 215 220 225 TCC TTC ATC ATC AAC CTC TTC GTC ATG GCT GTT TTT GGT CAG GCC TTC 1197 Ser Phe Ile Ile Asn Leu Phe Val Met Ala Val Phe Gly Gln Ala Phe 230 235 240 TAC CAG CAA ACC AAT GAG GAA GCG TTC AAC ATC TGT GCC AAC AGC AGC 1245 Tyr Gln Gln Thr Asn Glu Glu Ala Phe Asn Ile Cys Ala Asn Ser Ser 245 250 255 CTC CAG AAC TAT GCT AAG ATC TTC CCC AGG GAC AAT AAC ACT GTG TCA 1293 Leu Gln Asn Tyr Ala Lys Ile Phe Pro Arg Asp Asn Asn Thr Val Ser 260 265 270 275 GTG GAT ATT TAT CAA GGA GGT GTG ATC CTA GGC TGT CTC TTT GGC CCT 1341 Val Asp Ile Tyr Gln Gly Gly Val Ile Leu Gly Cys Leu Phe Gly Pro 280 285 290 GCG GCC CTC TAC ATC TGG GCA GTA GGT CTC CTG GCA GCG GGG CAG AGT 1389 Ala Ala Leu Tyr Ile Trp Ala Val Gly Leu Leu Ala Ala Gly Gln Ser 295 300 305 TCT ACT ATG ACC GGC ACC TAT GCA GGA CAG TTC GTG ATG GAG GGT TTC 1437 Ser Thr Met Thr Gly Thr Tyr Ala Gly Gln Phe Val Met Glu Gly Phe 310 315 320 CTT AAG CTG CGG TGG TCC CGC TTC GCT CGG GTC CTT CTC ACG CGC TCT 1485 Leu Lys Leu Arg Trp Ser Arg Phe Ala Arg Val Leu Leu Thr Arg Ser 325 330 335 TGC GCC ATC CTG CCC ACT GTG TTG GTG GCT GTC TTC CGA GAC CTG AAG 1533 Cys Ala Ile Leu Pro Thr Val Leu Val Ala Val Phe Arg Asp Leu Lys 340 345 350 355 GAC CTG TCC GGC CTC AAC GAT CTA CTC AAT GTT CTG CAG AGT CTA CTG 1581 Asp Leu Ser Gly Leu Asn Asp Leu Leu Asn Val Leu Gln Ser Leu Leu 360 365 370 CTG CCC TTC GCT GTA CTG CCC ATT TTG ACT TTC ACC AGC ATG CCA GCT 1629 Leu Pro Phe Ala Val Leu Pro Ile Leu Thr Phe Thr Ser Met Pro Ala 375 380 385 GTC ATG CAG GAG TTT GCC AAC GGC CGG ATG AGC AAA GCC ATC ACT TCG 1677 Val Met Gln Glu Phe Ala Asn Gly Arg Met Ser Lys Ala Ile Thr Ser 390 395 400 TGC ATC ATG GCG CTA GTC TGC GCC ATC AAC CTG TAC TTT GTG ATC AGC 1725 Cys Ile Met Ala Leu Val Cys Ala Ile Asn Leu Tyr Phe Val Ile Ser 405 410 415 TAC CTG CCC AGC CTC CCG CAC CCT GCC TAC TTT GGC CTT GTG GCT CTG 1773 Tyr Leu Pro Ser Leu Pro His Pro Ala Tyr Phe Gly Leu Val Ala Leu 420 425 430 435 TTC GCA ATA GGT TAC TTG GGC CTG ACT GCT TAT CTG GCC TGG ACC TGT 1821 Phe Ala Ile Gly Tyr Leu Gly Leu Thr Ala Tyr Leu Ala Trp Thr Cys 440 445 450 TGC ATC GCC CAC GGA GCC ACC TTC CTG ACC CAC AGC TCC CAC AAG CAC 1869 Cys Ile Ala His Gly Ala Thr Phe Leu Thr His Ser Ser His Lys His 455 460 465 TTC TTA TAT GGG CTC CCT AAC GAG GAG CAG GGA GGC GTG CAG GGT TCC 1917 Phe Leu Tyr Gly Leu Pro Asn Glu Glu Gln Gly Gly Val Gln Gly Ser 470 475 480 GGG TGACCGCGGC ATCCAGCAAG CAAAGAGGCA ACAGGGCAGA CACAGCAGAG 1970 Gly 485 CAATTGGAGG TCCCCTACTG GCTTTCTGGA TTACCGGTTT CCAGTTTGGA CAAGTGCTTT 2030 ACCTCGGAAT AATGACACCA TTCTTATCAC CACAACCTAA GAGACTTAAA AAACACAGTG 2090 CCTGGGGCGA GAGATGGCTC AGGTGTGAGA ACACTAGCCA CCACCCTTTC AGAAGATGGG 2150 GATTCAATTC CCAGCATCAA CGTGGTGGCT TTCAACTGAA GGTGACTCCA GTTCCCAGAA 2210 CACCTCAAAC AGAACTGCCA CAACTCCATT GTCTCACTCC AGCTCGTGGA AGATGAAGGG 2270 AGGAGTCCTA AAGAGTTCTA GGTCGGGTCT CTGGAGAGAC GGCTCAGCTG TTAAGAGCAC 2330 CGGACTGCTC TTCCAGAGGT CCTGAGTTCA ATTCCCAGCA ACCACATGGT GGCTCACAAC 2390 CATCCATAAT GGGATCCCTC TTCTGGTGTG TCTGAAGACA ACAACAGTGT CCTCACATAT 2450 ATAAAATAAA TAAATCTTAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAA 2485 484 amino acids amino acid linear protein unknown 2 Met Ser Ile Ala Phe Leu Asp Pro Gly Asn Ile Glu Ser Asp Leu Gln 1 5 10 15 Ala Gly Ala Val Ala Gly Phe Lys Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Trp Ala 20 25 30 Thr Val Leu Gly Leu Leu Cys Gln Arg Leu Ala Ala Arg Leu Gly Val 35 40 45 Val Thr Gly Lys Asp Leu Gly Glu Val Cys His Leu Tyr Tyr Pro Lys 50 55 60 Val Pro Arg Ile Leu Leu Trp Leu Thr Ile Glu Leu Ala Ile Val Gly 65 70 75 80 Ser Asp Met Gln Glu Val Ile Gly Thr Ala Ile Ser Phe Asn Leu Leu 85 90 95 Ser Ala Gly Arg Ile Pro Leu Trp Gly Gly Val Leu Ile Thr Ile Val 100 105 110 Asp Thr Phe Phe Phe Leu Phe Leu Asp Asn Tyr Gly Leu Arg Lys Leu 115 120 125 Glu Ala Phe Phe Gly Leu Leu Ile Thr Ile Met Ala Leu Thr Phe Gly 130 135 140 Tyr Glu Tyr Val Val Ala His Pro Ser Gln Gly Ala Leu Leu Lys Gly 145 150 155 160 Leu Val Leu Pro Thr Cys Pro Gly Cys Gly Gln Pro Glu Leu Leu Gln 165 170 175 Ala Val Gly Ile Val Gly Ala Ile Ile Met Pro His Asn Ile Tyr Leu 180 185 190 His Ser Ala Leu Val Lys Ser Arg Glu Val Asp Arg Thr Arg Arg Val 195 200 205 Asp Val Arg Glu Ala Asn Met Tyr Phe Leu Ile Glu Ala Thr Ile Ala 210 215 220 Leu Ser Val Ser Phe Ile Ile Asn Leu Phe Val Met Ala Val Phe Gly 225 230 235 240 Gln Ala Phe Tyr Gln Gln Thr Asn Glu Glu Ala Phe Asn Ile Cys Ala 245 250 255 Asn Ser Ser Leu Gln Asn Tyr Ala Lys Ile Phe Pro Arg Asp Asn Asn 260 265 270 Thr Val Ser Val Asp Ile Tyr Gln Gly Gly Val Ile Leu Gly Cys Leu 275 280 285 Phe Gly Pro Ala Ala Leu Tyr Ile Trp Ala Val Gly Leu Leu Ala Ala 290 295 300 Gly Gln Ser Ser Thr Met Thr Gly Thr Tyr Ala Gly Gln Phe Val Met 305 310 315 320 Glu Gly Phe Leu Lys Leu Arg Trp Ser Arg Phe Ala Arg Val Leu Leu 325 330 335 Thr Arg Ser Cys Ala Ile Leu Pro Thr Val Leu Val Ala Val Phe Arg 340 345 350 Asp Leu Lys Asp Leu Ser Gly Leu Asn Asp Leu Leu Asn Val Leu Gln 355 360 365 Ser Leu Leu Leu Pro Phe Ala Val Leu Pro Ile Leu Thr Phe Thr Ser 370 375 380 Met Pro Ala Val Met Gln Glu Phe Ala Asn Gly Arg Met Ser Lys Ala 385 390 395 400 Ile Thr Ser Cys Ile Met Ala Leu Val Cys Ala Ile Asn Leu Tyr Phe 405 410 415 Val Ile Ser Tyr Leu Pro Ser Leu Pro His Pro Ala Tyr Phe Gly Leu 420 425 430 Val Ala Leu Phe Ala Ile Gly Tyr Leu Gly Leu Thr Ala Tyr Leu Ala 435 440 445 Trp Thr Cys Cys Ile Ala His Gly Ala Thr Phe Leu Thr His Ser Ser 450 455 460 His Lys His Phe Leu Tyr Gly Leu Pro Asn Glu Glu Gln Gly Gly Val 465 470 475 480 Gln Gly Ser Gly 2008 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA Homo sapiens Spleen HNramp1 2q CDS 278..1729 3 CGGTCTGGGC ACGGGTGCAG GCTGAGGAGC TGCCCAGAGC ACCGCTCACA CTCCCAGAGT 60 ACCTGAAGTC GGCATTTCAA TGACAGGTGA CAAGGGTCCC CAAAGGCTAA GCGGGTCCAG 120 CTATGGTTCC ATCTCCAGCC CGACCAGCCC GACCAGCCCA GGGCCACAGC AAGCACCTCC 180 CAGAGAGACC TACCTGAGTG AGAAGATCCC CATCCCAGAC ACAAACCGGG CACCTTCAGC 240 CTGCGAACGT ATGGGCCTTC ACGGGGCTGG CTTCCTC ATG AGC ATT GCT TTC CTG 295 Met Ser Ile Ala Phe Leu 1 5 GAC CCA GGA AAC ATC GAG TCA GAT CTT CAG GCT GGC GCC GTG GCG GGA 343 Asp Pro Gly Asn Ile Glu Ser Asp Leu Gln Ala Gly Ala Val Ala Gly 10 15 20 TTC AAA CTT CTC TGG GTG CTG CTC TGG GCC ACC GTG TTG GGC TTG CTC 391 Phe Lys Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Trp Ala Thr Val Leu Gly Leu Leu 25 30 35 TGC CAG CGA CTG GCT GCA CGT CTG GGC GTG GTG ACA GGC AAG GAC TTG 439 Cys Gln Arg Leu Ala Ala Arg Leu Gly Val Val Thr Gly Lys Asp Leu 40 45 50 GGC GAG GTC TGC CAT CTC TAC TAC CCC CAG GTG CCC CGC ACC GTC CTC 487 Gly Glu Val Cys His Leu Tyr Tyr Pro Gln Val Pro Arg Thr Val Leu 55 60 65 70 TGG CTG ACC ATC GAG CTA GCC ATT GTG GGC TCC GAC ATG CAG GAA GTC 535 Trp Leu Thr Ile Glu Leu Ala Ile Val Gly Ser Asp Met Gln Glu Val 75 80 85 ATC GGC ACG GCC ATT GCA TTC AAT CTG CTC TCA GCT GGA CGA ATC CCA 583 Ile Gly Thr Ala Ile Ala Phe Asn Leu Leu Ser Ala Gly Arg Ile Pro 90 95 100 CTC TGG GGT GGC GTC CTC ATC ACC ATC GTG GAC ACC TTC TTC TTC CTC 631 Leu Trp Gly Gly Val Leu Ile Thr Ile Val Asp Thr Phe Phe Phe Leu 105 110 115 TTC CTC GAT AAC TAC GGG CTG CGG AAG CTG GAA GCT TTT TTT GGA CTC 679 Phe Leu Asp Asn Tyr Gly Leu Arg Lys Leu Glu Ala Phe Phe Gly Leu 120 125 130 CTT ATA ACC ATT ATG GCC TTG ACC TTT GGC TAT GAG TAT GTG GTG GCG 727 Leu Ile Thr Ile Met Ala Leu Thr Phe Gly Tyr Glu Tyr Val Val Ala 135 140 145 150 CGT CCT GAG CAG GGA GCG CTT CTT CGG GGC CTG TTC CTG CCC TCG TGC 775 Arg Pro Glu Gln Gly Ala Leu Leu Arg Gly Leu Phe Leu Pro Ser Cys 155 160 165 CCG GGC TGC GGC CAC CCC GAG CTG CTG CAG GCG GTG GGC ATT GTT GGC 823 Pro Gly Cys Gly His Pro Glu Leu Leu Gln Ala Val Gly Ile Val Gly 170 175 180 GCC ATC ATC ATG CCC CAC AAC ATC TAC CTG CAC TCG GCC CTG GTC AAG 871 Ala Ile Ile Met Pro His Asn Ile Tyr Leu His Ser Ala Leu Val Lys 185 190 195 TCT CGA GAG ATA GAC CGG GCC CGC CGA GCG GAC ATC AGA GAA GCC AAC 919 Ser Arg Glu Ile Asp Arg Ala Arg Arg Ala Asp Ile Arg Glu Ala Asn 200 205 210 ATG TAC TTC CTG ATT GAG GCC ACC ATC GCC CTG TCC GTC TCC TTT ATC 967 Met Tyr Phe Leu Ile Glu Ala Thr Ile Ala Leu Ser Val Ser Phe Ile 215 220 225 230 ATC AAC CTC TTT GTC ATG GCT GTC TTT GGG CAG GCC TTC TAC CAG AAA 1015 Ile Asn Leu Phe Val Met Ala Val Phe Gly Gln Ala Phe Tyr Gln Lys 235 240 245 ACC AAC CAG GCT GCG TTC AAC ATC TGT GCC AAC AGC AGC CTC CAC GAC 1063 Thr Asn Gln Ala Ala Phe Asn Ile Cys Ala Asn Ser Ser Leu His Asp 250 255 260 TAC GCC AAG ATC TTC CCC ATG AAC AAC GCC ACC GTG GCC GTG GAC ATT 1111 Tyr Ala Lys Ile Phe Pro Met Asn Asn Ala Thr Val Ala Val Asp Ile 265 270 275 TAC CAG GGG GGC GTG ATC CTG GGC TGC CTG TTC GGC CCC GCG GCC CTC 1159 Tyr Gln Gly Gly Val Ile Leu Gly Cys Leu Phe Gly Pro Ala Ala Leu 280 285 290 TAC ATC TGG GCC ATA GGT CTC CTG GCG GCT GGG CAG AGC TCC ACC ATG 1207 Tyr Ile Trp Ala Ile Gly Leu Leu Ala Ala Gly Gln Ser Ser Thr Met 295 300 305 310 ACG GGC ACC TAC GCG GGA CAG TTC GTG ATG GAG GGC TTC CTG AGG CTG 1255 Thr Gly Thr Tyr Ala Gly Gln Phe Val Met Glu Gly Phe Leu Arg Leu 315 320 325 CGG TGG TCA CGC TTC GCC CGT GTC CTC CTC ACC CGC TCC TGC ACC ATC 1303 Arg Trp Ser Arg Phe Ala Arg Val Leu Leu Thr Arg Ser Cys Thr Ile 330 335 340 CTG CCC ACC GTG CTC GTG GCT GTC TTC CGG GAC CTG AGG GAC TTG TCG 1351 Leu Pro Thr Val Leu Val Ala Val Phe Arg Asp Leu Arg Asp Leu Ser 345 350 355 GGC CTC AAT GAT CTA CTC AAC GTG CTG CAG AGC CTG CTG CTC CCG TTC 1399 Gly Leu Asn Asp Leu Leu Asn Val Leu Gln Ser Leu Leu Leu Pro Phe 360 365 370 GCC GTG CTG CCC ATC CTC ACG TTC ACC AGC ATG CCC ACC CTC ATG CAG 1447 Ala Val Leu Pro Ile Leu Thr Phe Thr Ser Met Pro Thr Leu Met Gln 375 380 385 390 GAG TTT GCC AAT GGC CTG CTG AAC AAG GTC GTC ACC TCT TCC ATC ATG 1495 Glu Phe Ala Asn Gly Leu Leu Asn Lys Val Val Thr Ser Ser Ile Met 395 400 405 GTG CTA GTC TGC GCC ATC AAC CTC TAC TTC GTG GTC AGC TAT CTG CCC 1543 Val Leu Val Cys Ala Ile Asn Leu Tyr Phe Val Val Ser Tyr Leu Pro 410 415 420 AGC CTG CCC CAC CCT GCC TAC TTC GGC CTT GCA GCC TTG CTG GCC GCA 1591 Ser Leu Pro His Pro Ala Tyr Phe Gly Leu Ala Ala Leu Leu Ala Ala 425 430 435 GCC TAC CTG GGC CTC AGC ACC TAC CTG GTC TGG ACC TGT TGC CTT GCC 1639 Ala Tyr Leu Gly Leu Ser Thr Tyr Leu Val Trp Thr Cys Cys Leu Ala 440 445 450 CAC GGA GCC ACC TTT CTG GCC CAC AGC TCC CAC CAC CAC TTC CTG TAT 1687 His Gly Ala Thr Phe Leu Ala His Ser Ser His His His Phe Leu Tyr 455 460 465 470 GGG CTC CTT GAA GAG GAC CAG AAA GGG GAG ACC TCT GGC TAGGCCCACA 1736 Gly Leu Leu Glu Glu Asp Gln Lys Gly Glu Thr Ser Gly 475 480 CCAGGGCCTG GCTGGGAGTG GCATGTATGA CGTGACTGGC CTGCTGGATG TGGAGGGGGC 1796 GCGTGCAGGC AGCAGGATAG AGTGGACAGT TCCTGAGACC AGCCAACCTG GGGGCTTTAG 1856 GGACCTGCTG TTTCCTAGCG CAGCCATGTG ATTACCTCTG GGTCTCAGTG TCCTCATCTG 1916 TAAAATGGAG ACACCACCAC CCTTGCCATG GAGGTTAAGC ACTTTAACAC AGTGTCTGGC 1976 ACTTGGGACA AAAACAAACA AACGAAAAAC CG 2008 483 amino acids amino acid linear protein unknown 4 Met Ser Ile Ala Phe Leu Asp Pro Gly Asn Ile Glu Ser Asp Leu Gln 1 5 10 15 Ala Gly Ala Val Ala Gly Phe Lys Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Trp Ala 20 25 30 Thr Val Leu Gly Leu Leu Cys Gln Arg Leu Ala Ala Arg Leu Gly Val 35 40 45 Val Thr Gly Lys Asp Leu Gly Glu Val Cys His Leu Tyr Tyr Pro Gln 50 55 60 Val Pro Arg Thr Val Leu Trp Leu Thr Ile Glu Leu Ala Ile Val Gly 65 70 75 80 Ser Asp Met Gln Glu Val Ile Gly Thr Ala Ile Ala Phe Asn Leu Leu 85 90 95 Ser Ala Gly Arg Ile Pro Leu Trp Gly Gly Val Leu Ile Thr Ile Val 100 105 110 Asp Thr Phe Phe Phe Leu Phe Leu Asp Asn Tyr Gly Leu Arg Lys Leu 115 120 125 Glu Ala Phe Phe Gly Leu Leu Ile Thr Ile Met Ala Leu Thr Phe Gly 130 135 140 Tyr Glu Tyr Val Val Ala Arg Pro Glu Gln Gly Ala Leu Leu Arg Gly 145 150 155 160 Leu Phe Leu Pro Ser Cys Pro Gly Cys Gly His Pro Glu Leu Leu Gln 165 170 175 Ala Val Gly Ile Val Gly Ala Ile Ile Met Pro His Asn Ile Tyr Leu 180 185 190 His Ser Ala Leu Val Lys Ser Arg Glu Ile Asp Arg Ala Arg Arg Ala 195 200 205 Asp Ile Arg Glu Ala Asn Met Tyr Phe Leu Ile Glu Ala Thr Ile Ala 210 215 220 Leu Ser Val Ser Phe Ile Ile Asn Leu Phe Val Met Ala Val Phe Gly 225 230 235 240 Gln Ala Phe Tyr Gln Lys Thr Asn Gln Ala Ala Phe Asn Ile Cys Ala 245 250 255 Asn Ser Ser Leu His Asp Tyr Ala Lys Ile Phe Pro Met Asn Asn Ala 260 265 270 Thr Val Ala Val Asp Ile Tyr Gln Gly Gly Val Ile Leu Gly Cys Leu 275 280 285 Phe Gly Pro Ala Ala Leu Tyr Ile Trp Ala Ile Gly Leu Leu Ala Ala 290 295 300 Gly Gln Ser Ser Thr Met Thr Gly Thr Tyr Ala Gly Gln Phe Val Met 305 310 315 320 Glu Gly Phe Leu Arg Leu Arg Trp Ser Arg Phe Ala Arg Val Leu Leu 325 330 335 Thr Arg Ser Cys Thr Ile Leu Pro Thr Val Leu Val Ala Val Phe Arg 340 345 350 Asp Leu Arg Asp Leu Ser Gly Leu Asn Asp Leu Leu Asn Val Leu Gln 355 360 365 Ser Leu Leu Leu Pro Phe Ala Val Leu Pro Ile Leu Thr Phe Thr Ser 370 375 380 Met Pro Thr Leu Met Gln Glu Phe Ala Asn Gly Leu Leu Asn Lys Val 385 390 395 400 Val Thr Ser Ser Ile Met Val Leu Val Cys Ala Ile Asn Leu Tyr Phe 405 410 415 Val Val Ser Tyr Leu Pro Ser Leu Pro His Pro Ala Tyr Phe Gly Leu 420 425 430 Ala Ala Leu Leu Ala Ala Ala Tyr Leu Gly Leu Ser Thr Tyr Leu Val 435 440 445 Trp Thr Cys Cys Leu Ala His Gly Ala Thr Phe Leu Ala His Ser Ser 450 455 460 His His His Phe Leu Tyr Gly Leu Leu Glu Glu Asp Gln Lys Gly Glu 465 470 475 480 Thr Ser Gly 1874 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA Homo sapiens Liver hnramp2 CDS 76..1524 5 AATTCCGGAG GAATGGAGGA GTACTCTTGT TTTAGCTTTC GTAAACTCTG GGCTTTCACC 60 GGACCAGGTT TTCTT ATG ACG ATT GCC TAC CTG GAT CCA GGA AAT ATT GAA 111 Met Thr Ile Ala Tyr Leu Asp Pro Gly Asn Ile Glu 1 5 10 TCC GAT TTG CAG TCT GGA GCA GTG GCT GGA TTT AAG TTG CTC TGG ATC 159 Ser Asp Leu Gln Ser Gly Ala Val Ala Gly Phe Lys Leu Leu Trp Ile 15 20 25 CTT CTG TTG GCC ACC CTT GTG GGG CTG CTG CTC CAG CGG CTT GCA GCT 207 Leu Leu Leu Ala Thr Leu Val Gly Leu Leu Leu Gln Arg Leu Ala Ala 30 35 40 AAG CTG GGA GTG GTT ACT GGG CTG CAT CTT GCT GAA GTA TGT CAC CGT 255 Lys Leu Gly Val Val Thr Gly Leu His Leu Ala Glu Val Cys His Arg 45 50 55 60 CAG TAT CCC AAG GTC CCA CGA GTC ATC CTG TGG CTG ATG GTG GAG TTG 303 Gln Tyr Pro Lys Val Pro Arg Val Ile Leu Trp Leu Met Val Glu Leu 65 70 75 GCT ATC ATC GGC TCA GAC ATG CAA GAA GTC ATT GGA TCA GCC ATT GCT 351 Ala Ile Ile Gly Ser Asp Met Gln Glu Val Ile Gly Ser Ala Ile Ala 80 85 90 ATC AAT CTT CTG TCT GTA GGA AGA ATT CCT CTG TGG GGT GGC GTT CTC 399 Ile Asn Leu Leu Ser Val Gly Arg Ile Pro Leu Trp Gly Gly Val Leu 95 100 105 ATC ACC ATT GCA GAT ACT TTT GTA TTT CTC TTC TTG GAC AAA TAT GGC 447 Ile Thr Ile Ala Asp Thr Phe Val Phe Leu Phe Leu Asp Lys Tyr Gly 110 115 120 TTG CGG AAG CTA GAA GCA TTT TTT GGC TTT CTC ATC ACT ATT ATG GCC 495 Leu Arg Lys Leu Glu Ala Phe Phe Gly Phe Leu Ile Thr Ile Met Ala 125 130 135 140 CTC ACA TTT GGA TAT GAG TAT GTT ACA GTG AAA CCC AGC CAG AGC CAG 543 Leu Thr Phe Gly Tyr Glu Tyr Val Thr Val Lys Pro Ser Gln Ser Gln 145 150 155 GTA CTC AAG GGC ATG TTC GTA CCA TCC TGT TCA GGC TGT CGC ACT CCA 591 Val Leu Lys Gly Met Phe Val Pro Ser Cys Ser Gly Cys Arg Thr Pro 160 165 170 CAG ATT GAA CAG GCT GTG GGC ATC GTG GGA GCT GTC ATC ATG CCA CAC 639 Gln Ile Glu Gln Ala Val Gly Ile Val Gly Ala Val Ile Met Pro His 175 180 185 AAC ATG TAC CTG CAT TCT GCC TTA GTC AAG TCT AGA CAG GTA AAC CGG 687 Asn Met Tyr Leu His Ser Ala Leu Val Lys Ser Arg Gln Val Asn Arg 190 195 200 AAC AAT AAG CAG GAA GTT CGA GAA GCC AAT AAG TAC TTT TTC ATT GAA 735 Asn Asn Lys Gln Glu Val Arg Glu Ala Asn Lys Tyr Phe Phe Ile Glu 205 210 215 220 TCC TGC ATT GCA CTC TTT GTT TCC TTC ATC ATC AAT GTC TTT GTT GTC 783 Ser Cys Ile Ala Leu Phe Val Ser Phe Ile Ile Asn Val Phe Val Val 225 230 235 TCA GTC TTT GCT GAA GCA TTT TTT GGG AAA ACC AAC GAG CAG GTG GTT 831 Ser Val Phe Ala Glu Ala Phe Phe Gly Lys Thr Asn Glu Gln Val Val 240 245 250 GAA GTC TGT ACA AAT ACC AGC AGT CCT CAT GCT GGC CTC TTT CCT AAA 879 Glu Val Cys Thr Asn Thr Ser Ser Pro His Ala Gly Leu Phe Pro Lys 255 260 265 GAT AAC TCG ACA CTG GCT GTG GAC ATC TAC AAA GGG GGT GTT GTG CTG 927 Asp Asn Ser Thr Leu Ala Val Asp Ile Tyr Lys Gly Gly Val Val Leu 270 275 280 GGA TGT TAC TTT GGG CCT GCT GCA CTC TAC ATT TGG GCA GTG GGG ATC 975 Gly Cys Tyr Phe Gly Pro Ala Ala Leu Tyr Ile Trp Ala Val Gly Ile 285 290 295 300 CTG GCT GCA GGA CAG AGC TCC ACC ATG ACA GGA ACC TAT TCT GGC CAG 1023 Leu Ala Ala Gly Gln Ser Ser Thr Met Thr Gly Thr Tyr Ser Gly Gln 305 310 315 TTT GTC ATG GAG GGA TTC CTG AAC CTA AAG TGG TCA CGC TTT GCC CGA 1071 Phe Val Met Glu Gly Phe Leu Asn Leu Lys Trp Ser Arg Phe Ala Arg 320 325 330 GTG GTT CTG ACT CGC TCT ATC GCC ATC ATC CCC ACT CTG CTT GTT GCT 1119 Val Val Leu Thr Arg Ser Ile Ala Ile Ile Pro Thr Leu Leu Val Ala 335 340 345 GTC TTC CAA GAT GTA GAG CAT CTA ACA GGG ATG AAT GAC TTT CTG AAT 1167 Val Phe Gln Asp Val Glu His Leu Thr Gly Met Asn Asp Phe Leu Asn 350 355 360 GTT CTA CAG AGC TTA CAG CTT CCC TTT GCT CTC ATA CCC ATC CTC ACA 1215 Val Leu Gln Ser Leu Gln Leu Pro Phe Ala Leu Ile Pro Ile Leu Thr 365 370 375 380 TTT ACG TAC GTG CGG CCA GTA ATG AGT GAC TTT GCC AAT GGA CTA GGC 1263 Phe Thr Tyr Val Arg Pro Val Met Ser Asp Phe Ala Asn Gly Leu Gly 385 390 395 TGC CGG ATT GCA GGA GGA ATC TTG GTC CTT ATC ATC TGT TCC ATC AAT 1311 Cys Arg Ile Ala Gly Gly Ile Leu Val Leu Ile Ile Cys Ser Ile Asn 400 405 410 ATG TAC TTT GTA GTG GTT TAT GTC CGG GAC CTA GGG CAT GTG GCA TTA 1359 Met Tyr Phe Val Val Val Tyr Val Arg Asp Leu Gly His Val Ala Leu 415 420 425 TAT GTG GTG GCT GCT GTG GTC AGC GTG GCT TAT CTG GGC TTT GTG TTC 1407 Tyr Val Val Ala Ala Val Val Ser Val Ala Tyr Leu Gly Phe Val Phe 430 435 440 TAC TTG GGT TGG CAA TGT TTG ATT GCA CTG GGC ATG TCC TTC CTG GAC 1455 Tyr Leu Gly Trp Gln Cys Leu Ile Ala Leu Gly Met Ser Phe Leu Asp 445 450 455 460 TGT GGG CAT ACG GTA AGC ATC TCT AAA GGC CTG CTG ACA GAA GAA GCC 1503 Cys Gly His Thr Val Ser Ile Ser Lys Gly Leu Leu Thr Glu Glu Ala 465 470 475 ACC CGT GGC TAC GTT AAA TAACACTGGA TTAGTCTGTC TTCTGCAGGT 1551 Thr Arg Gly Tyr Val Lys 480 AGCCATCAGA GCCAGTGTGT TTCTATGGTT TACTGTGTGA ACATAGCCAA AAGTATGTGC 1611 CGTTGCACAG ACTGTGTTTA TGACTCAACC GTTGGTTGGA AAAGACTTTG TTTCATGTGT 1671 ATTTGAAAGA TGGAATTATT TTTTCCTTCC TGACCTAACC TTAGAACTGG ATTAGGGTGG 1731 GATCTTTGAA AAGCTGACAT TTGCTGCTAT CATTCCAACA CTAAATTCTT AAGTAGTTGC 1791 CCAAGGGCCA GCTCAGTTTA TCCTTCGGAG AGACAAGGAT ATGCATGATT CTTAACCAGG 1851 CTATATGTTA AAAAAAAAAA AAA 1874 482 amino acids amino acid linear protein unknown 6 Met Thr Ile Ala Tyr Leu Asp Pro Gly Asn Ile Glu Ser Asp Leu Gln 1 5 10 15 Ser Gly Ala Val Ala Gly Phe Lys Leu Leu Trp Ile Leu Leu Leu Ala 20 25 30 Thr Leu Val Gly Leu Leu Leu Gln Arg Leu Ala Ala Lys Leu Gly Val 35 40 45 Val Thr Gly Leu His Leu Ala Glu Val Cys His Arg Gln Tyr Pro Lys 50 55 60 Val Pro Arg Val Ile Leu Trp Leu Met Val Glu Leu Ala Ile Ile Gly 65 70 75 80 Ser Asp Met Gln Glu Val Ile Gly Ser Ala Ile Ala Ile Asn Leu Leu 85 90 95 Ser Val Gly Arg Ile Pro Leu Trp Gly Gly Val Leu Ile Thr Ile Ala 100 105 110 Asp Thr Phe Val Phe Leu Phe Leu Asp Lys Tyr Gly Leu Arg Lys Leu 115 120 125 Glu Ala Phe Phe Gly Phe Leu Ile Thr Ile Met Ala Leu Thr Phe Gly 130 135 140 Tyr Glu Tyr Val Thr Val Lys Pro Ser Gln Ser Gln Val Leu Lys Gly 145 150 155 160 Met Phe Val Pro Ser Cys Ser Gly Cys Arg Thr Pro Gln Ile Glu Gln 165 170 175 Ala Val Gly Ile Val Gly Ala Val Ile Met Pro His Asn Met Tyr Leu 180 185 190 His Ser Ala Leu Val Lys Ser Arg Gln Val Asn Arg Asn Asn Lys Gln 195 200 205 Glu Val Arg Glu Ala Asn Lys Tyr Phe Phe Ile Glu Ser Cys Ile Ala 210 215 220 Leu Phe Val Ser Phe Ile Ile Asn Val Phe Val Val Ser Val Phe Ala 225 230 235 240 Glu Ala Phe Phe Gly Lys Thr Asn Glu Gln Val Val Glu Val Cys Thr 245 250 255 Asn Thr Ser Ser Pro His Ala Gly Leu Phe Pro Lys Asp Asn Ser Thr 260 265 270 Leu Ala Val Asp Ile Tyr Lys Gly Gly Val Val Leu Gly Cys Tyr Phe 275 280 285 Gly Pro Ala Ala Leu Tyr Ile Trp Ala Val Gly Ile Leu Ala Ala Gly 290 295 300 Gln Ser Ser Thr Met Thr Gly Thr Tyr Ser Gly Gln Phe Val Met Glu 305 310 315 320 Gly Phe Leu Asn Leu Lys Trp Ser Arg Phe Ala Arg Val Val Leu Thr 325 330 335 Arg Ser Ile Ala Ile Ile Pro Thr Leu Leu Val Ala Val Phe Gln Asp 340 345 350 Val Glu His Leu Thr Gly Met Asn Asp Phe Leu Asn Val Leu Gln Ser 355 360 365 Leu Gln Leu Pro Phe Ala Leu Ile Pro Ile Leu Thr Phe Thr Tyr Val 370 375 380 Arg Pro Val Met Ser Asp Phe Ala Asn Gly Leu Gly Cys Arg Ile Ala 385 390 395 400 Gly Gly Ile Leu Val Leu Ile Ile Cys Ser Ile Asn Met Tyr Phe Val 405 410 415 Val Val Tyr Val Arg Asp Leu Gly His Val Ala Leu Tyr Val Val Ala 420 425 430 Ala Val Val Ser Val Ala Tyr Leu Gly Phe Val Phe Tyr Leu Gly Trp 435 440 445 Gln Cys Leu Ile Ala Leu Gly Met Ser Phe Leu Asp Cys Gly His Thr 450 455 460 Val Ser Ile Ser Lys Gly Leu Leu Thr Glu Glu Ala Thr Arg Gly Tyr 465 470 475 480 Val Lys 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 7 TAGGAGGTTA TGAGCCCGAA AGTG 24 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 8 CTCAGGGAGA TCCTCTACAG ACTT 24 23 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 9 TGGTGCCCTG AGCATAGAGA CTG 23 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 10 GTGGTATTTC GTGGTTGTCA GCCG 24 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 11 CCCGTCGACC ACCTGAGGAG TGAATTGGTC G 31 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 12 GTGAACTGCA CTGTGACAAG CTGC 24 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 13 CCCGTCGACG TCGGGTCCCC TCGGGATTGG 30 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 14 CCCGGATCCG CGACGAAGAC CTCCTCAAGG C 31 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 15 TACATTCAGC CTGAGGAAGC 20 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 16 TTGCTGGTAG AAGGCCTGAC 20 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 17 CTCTTCGTCA TGGCTG 16 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 18 CGAGGTAAAG CACTTGTC 18 33 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 19 CGCATCCCGC TGTGGGGCGG TGTACTGATC ACC 33 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 20 CCGGGCACCT TCAGCCTGCG 20 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 21 GCCCCCAGGT TGGCTGGTCT 20 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 22 AGGAGTACTC TTGTTTTAGC 20 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear unknown 23 TTCCAACCAA CGGTTGAGTC 20 2276 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA NO NO Mus musculus Blood B-cell precursor 70/Z MNramp-1 Chromosome 1 CDS 63..1709 24 ATTGAGGAGC TAGTTGCCAG GCCTGGTGAC CACACACAGA GTATCCTGCC GCCTGCGTCC 60 TC ATG ATT AGT GAC AAG AGC CCC CCG AGG CTG AGC AGG CCC AGT TAT 107 Met Ile Ser Asp Lys Ser Pro Pro Arg Leu Ser Arg Pro Ser Tyr 1 5 10 15 GGC TCC ATT TCC AGC CTG CCT GGC CCA GCA CCT CAG CCA GCG CCT TGC 155 Gly Ser Ile Ser Ser Leu Pro Gly Pro Ala Pro Gln Pro Ala Pro Cys 20 25 30 CGG GAG ACC TAC CTG AGT GAG AAG ATC CCC ATT CCC AGC GCA GAC CAG 203 Arg Glu Thr Tyr Leu Ser Glu Lys Ile Pro Ile Pro Ser Ala Asp Gln 35 40 45 GGT ACA TTC AGC CTG AGG AAG CTG TGG GCG TTC ACG GGG CCT GGT TTC 251 Gly Thr Phe Ser Leu Arg Lys Leu Trp Ala Phe Thr Gly Pro Gly Phe 50 55 60 CTC ATG AGC ATC GCT TTC CTT GAC CCG GGA AAC ATT GAG TCC GAC CTT 299 Leu Met Ser Ile Ala Phe Leu Asp Pro Gly Asn Ile Glu Ser Asp Leu 65 70 75 CAA GCT GGC GCT GTG GCT GGG TTC AAA CTC CTC TGG GTG CTG CTC TGG 347 Gln Ala Gly Ala Val Ala Gly Phe Lys Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Trp 80 85 90 95 GCG ACT GTG CTA GGT TTG CTG TGC CAG CGG CTG GCT GCC CGG CTG GGC 395 Ala Thr Val Leu Gly Leu Leu Cys Gln Arg Leu Ala Ala Arg Leu Gly 100 105 110 GTG GTG ACA GGC AAG GAC TTG GGT GAA GTC TGC CAT CTC TAC TAC CCC 443 Val Val Thr Gly Lys Asp Leu Gly Glu Val Cys His Leu Tyr Tyr Pro 115 120 125 AAG GTG CCC CGC ATC CTC CTC TGG CTG ACC ATT GAG CTG GCC ATT GTG 491 Lys Val Pro Arg Ile Leu Leu Trp Leu Thr Ile Glu Leu Ala Ile Val 130 135 140 GGC TCA GAT ATG CAG GAA GTC ATC GGG ACG GCT ATC TCC TTC AAT CTG 539 Gly Ser Asp Met Gln Glu Val Ile Gly Thr Ala Ile Ser Phe Asn Leu 145 150 155 CTC TCC GCT GGA CGC ATC CCG CTG TGG GGC GGT GTA CTG ATC ACC ATT 587 Leu Ser Ala Gly Arg Ile Pro Leu Trp Gly Gly Val Leu Ile Thr Ile 160 165 170 175 GTG GAC ACC TTC TTC TTC CTC TTC TTG GAT AAC TAT GGT TTG CGC AAG 635 Val Asp Thr Phe Phe Phe Leu Phe Leu Asp Asn Tyr Gly Leu Arg Lys 180 185 190 CTG GAA GCT TTC TTC GGT CTC CTC ATT ACC ATA ATG GCT TTG ACC TTC 683 Leu Glu Ala Phe Phe Gly Leu Leu Ile Thr Ile Met Ala Leu Thr Phe 195 200 205 GGC TAT GAG TAT GTG GTA GCA CAC CCT TCC CAG GGA GCG CTC CTT AAG 731 Gly Tyr Glu Tyr Val Val Ala His Pro Ser Gln Gly Ala Leu Leu Lys 210 215 220 GGC CTG GTG CTG CCC ACC TGT CCG GGC TGT GGG CAG CCC GAG CTG CTG 779 Gly Leu Val Leu Pro Thr Cys Pro Gly Cys Gly Gln Pro Glu Leu Leu 225 230 235 CAG GCA GTG GGC ATC GTC GGT GCC ATC ATC ATG CCC CAT AAC ATC TAC 827 Gln Ala Val Gly Ile Val Gly Ala Ile Ile Met Pro His Asn Ile Tyr 240 245 250 255 CTG CAC TCA GCC TTG GTC AAG TCT AGA GAA GTA GAC AGA ACC CGC CGG 875 Leu His Ser Ala Leu Val Lys Ser Arg Glu Val Asp Arg Thr Arg Arg 260 265 270 GTG GAT GTT CGA GAA GCC AAC ATG TAC TTC CTG ATT GAG GCC ACC ATC 923 Val Asp Val Arg Glu Ala Asn Met Tyr Phe Leu Ile Glu Ala Thr Ile 275 280 285 GCC CTA TCG GTG TCC TTC ATC ATC AAC CTC TTC GTC ATG GCT GTT TTT 971 Ala Leu Ser Val Ser Phe Ile Ile Asn Leu Phe Val Met Ala Val Phe 290 295 300 GGT CAG GCC TTC TAC CAG CAA ACC AAT GAG GAA GCG TTC AAC ATC TGT 1019 Gly Gln Ala Phe Tyr Gln Gln Thr Asn Glu Glu Ala Phe Asn Ile Cys 305 310 315 GCC AAC AGC AGC CTC CAG AAC TAT GCT AAG ATC TTC CCC AGG GAC AAT 1067 Ala Asn Ser Ser Leu Gln Asn Tyr Ala Lys Ile Phe Pro Arg Asp Asn 320 325 330 335 AAC ACT GTG TCA GTG GAT ATT TAT CAA GGA GGT GTG ATC CTA GGC TGT 1115 Asn Thr Val Ser Val Asp Ile Tyr Gln Gly Gly Val Ile Leu Gly Cys 340 345 350 CTC TTT GGC CCT GCG GCC CTC TAC ATC TGG GCA GTA GGT CTC CTG GCA 1163 Leu Phe Gly Pro Ala Ala Leu Tyr Ile Trp Ala Val Gly Leu Leu Ala 355 360 365 GCG GGG CAG AGT TCT ACT ATG ACC GGC ACC TAT GCA GGA CAG TTC GTG 1211 Ala Gly Gln Ser Ser Thr Met Thr Gly Thr Tyr Ala Gly Gln Phe Val 370 375 380 ATG GAG GGT TTC CTT AAG CTG CGG TGG TCC CGC TTC GCT CGG GTC CTT 1259 Met Glu Gly Phe Leu Lys Leu Arg Trp Ser Arg Phe Ala Arg Val Leu 385 390 395 CTC ACG CGC TCT TGC GCC ATC CTG CCC ACT GTG TTG GTG GCT GTC TTC 1307 Leu Thr Arg Ser Cys Ala Ile Leu Pro Thr Val Leu Val Ala Val Phe 400 405 410 415 CGA GAC CTG AAG GAC CTG TCC GGC CTC AAC GAT CTA CTC AAT GTT CTG 1355 Arg Asp Leu Lys Asp Leu Ser Gly Leu Asn Asp Leu Leu Asn Val Leu 420 425 430 CAG AGT CTA CTG CTG CCC TTC GCT GTA CTG CCC ATT TTG ACT TTC ACC 1403 Gln Ser Leu Leu Leu Pro Phe Ala Val Leu Pro Ile Leu Thr Phe Thr 435 440 445 AGC ATG CCA GCT GTC ATG CAG GAG TTT GCC AAC GGC CGG ATG AGC AAA 1451 Ser Met Pro Ala Val Met Gln Glu Phe Ala Asn Gly Arg Met Ser Lys 450 455 460 GCC ATC ACT TCG TGC ATC ATG GCG CTA GTC TGC GCC ATC AAC CTG TAC 1499 Ala Ile Thr Ser Cys Ile Met Ala Leu Val Cys Ala Ile Asn Leu Tyr 465 470 475 TTT GTG ATC AGC TAC CTG CCC AGC CTC CCG CAC CCT GCC TAC TTT GGC 1547 Phe Val Ile Ser Tyr Leu Pro Ser Leu Pro His Pro Ala Tyr Phe Gly 480 485 490 495 CTT GTG GCT CTG TTC GCA ATA GGT TAC TTG GGC CTG ACT GCT TAT CTG 1595 Leu Val Ala Leu Phe Ala Ile Gly Tyr Leu Gly Leu Thr Ala Tyr Leu 500 505 510 GCC TGG ACC TGT TGC ATC GCC CAC GGA GCC ACC TTC CTG ACC CAC AGC 1643 Ala Trp Thr Cys Cys Ile Ala His Gly Ala Thr Phe Leu Thr His Ser 515 520 525 TCC CAC AAG CAC TTC TTA TAT GGG CTC CCT AAC GAG GAG CAG GGA GGC 1691 Ser His Lys His Phe Leu Tyr Gly Leu Pro Asn Glu Glu Gln Gly Gly 530 535 540 GTG CAG GGT TCC GGG TGACCGCGGC ATCCAGCAAG CAAAGAGGCA ACAGGGCAGA 1746 Val Gln Gly Ser Gly 545 CACAGCAGAG CAATTGGAGG TCCCCTACTG GCTTTCTGGA TTACCGGTTT CCAGTTTGGA 1806 CAAGTGCTTT ACCTCGGAAT AATGACACCA TTCTTATCAC CACAACCTAA GAGACTTAAA 1866 AAACACAGTG CCTGGGGCGA GAGATGGCTC AGGTGTGAGA ACACTAGCCA CCACCCTTTC 1926 AGAAGATGGG GATTCAATTC CCAGCATCAA CGTGGTGGCT TTCAACTGAA GGTGACTCCA 1986 GTTCCCAGAA CACCTCAAAC AGAACTGCCA CAACTCCATT GTCTCACTCC AGCTCGTGGA 2046 AGATGAAGGG AGGAGTCCTA AAGAGTTCTA GGTCGGGTCT CTGGAGAGAC GGCTCAGCTG 2106 TTAAGAGCAC CGGACTGCTC TTCCAGAGGT CCTGAGTTCA ATTCCCAGCA ACCACATGGT 2166 GGCTCACAAC CATCCATAAT GGGATCCCTC TTCTGGTGTG TCTGAAGACA ACAACAGTGT 2226 CCTCACATAT ATAAAATAAA TAAATCTTAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAATAAAC 2276 548 amino acids amino acid linear protein unknown 25 Met Ile Ser Asp Lys Ser Pro Pro Arg Leu Ser Arg Pro Ser Tyr Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Ile Ser Ser Leu Pro Gly Pro Ala Pro Gln Pro Ala Pro Cys Arg 20 25 30 Glu Thr Tyr Leu Ser Glu Lys Ile Pro Ile Pro Ser Ala Asp Gln Gly 35 40 45 Thr Phe Ser Leu Arg Lys Leu Trp Ala Phe Thr Gly Pro Gly Phe Leu 50 55 60 Met Ser Ile Ala Phe Leu Asp Pro Gly Asn Ile Glu Ser Asp Leu Gln 65 70 75 80 Ala Gly Ala Val Ala Gly Phe Lys Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Trp Ala 85 90 95 Thr Val Leu Gly Leu Leu Cys Gln Arg Leu Ala Ala Arg Leu Gly Val 100 105 110 Val Thr Gly Lys Asp Leu Gly Glu Val Cys His Leu Tyr Tyr Pro Lys 115 120 125 Val Pro Arg Ile Leu Leu Trp Leu Thr Ile Glu Leu Ala Ile Val Gly 130 135 140 Ser Asp Met Gln Glu Val Ile Gly Thr Ala Ile Ser Phe Asn Leu Leu 145 150 155 160 Ser Ala Gly Arg Ile Pro Leu Trp Gly Gly Val Leu Ile Thr Ile Val 165 170 175 Asp Thr Phe Phe Phe Leu Phe Leu Asp Asn Tyr Gly Leu Arg Lys Leu 180 185 190 Glu Ala Phe Phe Gly Leu Leu Ile Thr Ile Met Ala Leu Thr Phe Gly 195 200 205 Tyr Glu Tyr Val Val Ala His Pro Ser Gln Gly Ala Leu Leu Lys Gly 210 215 220 Leu Val Leu Pro Thr Cys Pro Gly Cys Gly Gln Pro Glu Leu Leu Gln 225 230 235 240 Ala Val Gly Ile Val Gly Ala Ile Ile Met Pro His Asn Ile Tyr Leu 245 250 255 His Ser Ala Leu Val Lys Ser Arg Glu Val Asp Arg Thr Arg Arg Val 260 265 270 Asp Val Arg Glu Ala Asn Met Tyr Phe Leu Ile Glu Ala Thr Ile Ala 275 280 285 Leu Ser Val Ser Phe Ile Ile Asn Leu Phe Val Met Ala Val Phe Gly 290 295 300 Gln Ala Phe Tyr Gln Gln Thr Asn Glu Glu Ala Phe Asn Ile Cys Ala 305 310 315 320 Asn Ser Ser Leu Gln Asn Tyr Ala Lys Ile Phe Pro Arg Asp Asn Asn 325 330 335 Thr Val Ser Val Asp Ile Tyr Gln Gly Gly Val Ile Leu Gly Cys Leu 340 345 350 Phe Gly Pro Ala Ala Leu Tyr Ile Trp Ala Val Gly Leu Leu Ala Ala 355 360 365 Gly Gln Ser Ser Thr Met Thr Gly Thr Tyr Ala Gly Gln Phe Val Met 370 375 380 Glu Gly Phe Leu Lys Leu Arg Trp Ser Arg Phe Ala Arg Val Leu Leu 385 390 395 400 Thr Arg Ser Cys Ala Ile Leu Pro Thr Val Leu Val Ala Val Phe Arg 405 410 415 Asp Leu Lys Asp Leu Ser Gly Leu Asn Asp Leu Leu Asn Val Leu Gln 420 425 430 Ser Leu Leu Leu Pro Phe Ala Val Leu Pro Ile Leu Thr Phe Thr Ser 435 440 445 Met Pro Ala Val Met Gln Glu Phe Ala Asn Gly Arg Met Ser Lys Ala 450 455 460 Ile Thr Ser Cys Ile Met Ala Leu Val Cys Ala Ile Asn Leu Tyr Phe 465 470 475 480 Val Ile Ser Tyr Leu Pro Ser Leu Pro His Pro Ala Tyr Phe Gly Leu 485 490 495 Val Ala Leu Phe Ala Ile Gly Tyr Leu Gly Leu Thr Ala Tyr Leu Ala 500 505 510 Trp Thr Cys Cys Ile Ala His Gly Ala Thr Phe Leu Thr His Ser Ser 515 520 525 His Lys His Phe Leu Tyr Gly Leu Pro Asn Glu Glu Gln Gly Gly Val 530 535 540 Gln Gly Ser Gly 545 2967 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA NO NO Mus musculus Blood B-cell precursor 70/Z MNramp-2 CDS 50..1756 26 TGGCGGAGCC GAATCCTATT CTAAGAGCAC AGACCCTCAG GTATCTACC ATG GTG 55 Met Val 1 TTG GAT CCT AAA GAA AAG ATG CCA GAC GAT GGC GCT TCT GGG GAC CAT 103 Leu Asp Pro Lys Glu Lys Met Pro Asp Asp Gly Ala Ser Gly Asp His 5 10 15 GGA GAC TCT GCC AGC CTT GGC GCC ATC AAC CCT GCC TAC AGC AAC TCA 151 Gly Asp Ser Ala Ser Leu Gly Ala Ile Asn Pro Ala Tyr Ser Asn Ser 20 25 30 TCC CTC CCA CAT TCC ACT GGA GAC TCT GAG GAG CCC TTC ACC ACC TAC 199 Ser Leu Pro His Ser Thr Gly Asp Ser Glu Glu Pro Phe Thr Thr Tyr 35 40 45 50 TTT GAT GAG AAA ATC CCC ATT CCT GAG GAG GAG TAC TCT TGT TTT AGC 247 Phe Asp Glu Lys Ile Pro Ile Pro Glu Glu Glu Tyr Ser Cys Phe Ser 55 60 65 TTT CGT AAA CTC TGG GCG TTC ACG GGG CCT GGC TTT CTT ATG AGC ATT 295 Phe Arg Lys Leu Trp Ala Phe Thr Gly Pro Gly Phe Leu Met Ser Ile 70 75 80 GCC TAC CTA GAC CCA GGA AAC ATC GAA TCT GAT TTG CAG TCT GGA GCA 343 Ala Tyr Leu Asp Pro Gly Asn Ile Glu Ser Asp Leu Gln Ser Gly Ala 85 90 95 GTG GCT GGA TTT AAG CTG CTC TGG GTG CTC CTC TTG GCC ACC ATT GTG 391 Val Ala Gly Phe Lys Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Leu Ala Thr Ile Val 100 105 110 GGG CTG CTG CTC CAG CGC CTT GCA GCG AGA CTT GGA GTG GTC ACC GGC 439 Gly Leu Leu Leu Gln Arg Leu Ala Ala Arg Leu Gly Val Val Thr Gly 115 120 125 130 TTG CAT CTT GCT GAA GTA TGT CAC CGT CAG TAT CCC AAG GTC CCA CGG 487 Leu His Leu Ala Glu Val Cys His Arg Gln Tyr Pro Lys Val Pro Arg 135 140 145 ATC ATC CTG TGG CTG ATG GTG GAG TTG GCA ATC ATT GGT TCT GAC ATG 535 Ile Ile Leu Trp Leu Met Val Glu Leu Ala Ile Ile Gly Ser Asp Met 150 155 160 CAG GAA GTC ATT GGC TCA GCC ATC GCC ATC AAT CTC CTG TCT GCA GGA 583 Gln Glu Val Ile Gly Ser Ala Ile Ala Ile Asn Leu Leu Ser Ala Gly 165 170 175 AGG GTC CCT GTG TGG GGC GGA GTC CTC ATC ACC ATC GCA GAC ACT TTT 631 Arg Val Pro Val Trp Gly Gly Val Leu Ile Thr Ile Ala Asp Thr Phe 180 185 190 GTG TTT CTT TTT TTG GAC AAA TAT GGC TTG CGG AAG CTG GAA GCG TTT 679 Val Phe Leu Phe Leu Asp Lys Tyr Gly Leu Arg Lys Leu Glu Ala Phe 195 200 205 210 TTT GGC TTT CTC ATC ACT ATC ATG GCC CTC ACG TTT GGA TAT GAG TAC 727 Phe Gly Phe Leu Ile Thr Ile Met Ala Leu Thr Phe Gly Tyr Glu Tyr 215 220 225 ATT ACA GTG AAG CCC AGC CAG AGC CAA GTA CTC AGG GGC ATG TTC GTG 775 Ile Thr Val Lys Pro Ser Gln Ser Gln Val Leu Arg Gly Met Phe Val 230 235 240 CCG TCC TGT CCA GGG TGC CGC ACC CCT CAG GTG GAG CAG GCG GTG GGC 823 Pro Ser Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg Thr Pro Gln Val Glu Gln Ala Val Gly 245 250 255 ATC GTG GGA GCT GTG ATC ATG CCG CAC AAC ATG TAC CTG CAT TCT GCC 871 Ile Val Gly Ala Val Ile Met Pro His Asn Met Tyr Leu His Ser Ala 260 265 270 TTA GTC AAG TCT AGA CAG GTG AAT CGG GCC AAT AAG CAG GAA GTG CGG 919 Leu Val Lys Ser Arg Gln Val Asn Arg Ala Asn Lys Gln Glu Val Arg 275 280 285 290 GAA GCC AAT AAG TAC TTC TTC ATC GAG TCC TGC ATC GCG CTC TTT GTT 967 Glu Ala Asn Lys Tyr Phe Phe Ile Glu Ser Cys Ile Ala Leu Phe Val 295 300 305 TCC TTC ATC ATC AAT GTC TTT GTC GTG TCC GTC TTT GCT GAA GCA TTT 1015 Ser Phe Ile Ile Asn Val Phe Val Val Ser Val Phe Ala Glu Ala Phe 310 315 320 TTT GAG AAA ACC AAC AAG CAG GTG GTT GAA GTC TGC AAA AAT AAC AGC 1063 Phe Glu Lys Thr Asn Lys Gln Val Val Glu Val Cys Lys Asn Asn Ser 325 330 335 AGC CCC CAT GCT GAC CTC TTT CCC AGT GAC AAC TCT ACT CTG GCT GTG 1111 Ser Pro His Ala Asp Leu Phe Pro Ser Asp Asn Ser Thr Leu Ala Val 340 345 350 GAC ATC TAC AAA GGG GGT GTT GTG CTT GGA TGT TAC TTC GGG CCT GCA 1159 Asp Ile Tyr Lys Gly Gly Val Val Leu Gly Cys Tyr Phe Gly Pro Ala 355 360 365 370 GCT CTC TAC ATC TGG GCA GTG GGG ATC CTG GCT GCC GGT CAG AGC TCC 1207 Ala Leu Tyr Ile Trp Ala Val Gly Ile Leu Ala Ala Gly Gln Ser Ser 375 380 385 ACC ATG ACT GGA ACC TAT TCT GGC CAG TTT GTC ATG GAG GGA TTC CTG 1255 Thr Met Thr Gly Thr Tyr Ser Gly Gln Phe Val Met Glu Gly Phe Leu 390 395 400 AAC CTA AAA TGG TCG CGC TTT GCC CGA GTG ATC CTG ACC CGG TCT ATC 1303 Asn Leu Lys Trp Ser Arg Phe Ala Arg Val Ile Leu Thr Arg Ser Ile 405 410 415 GCC ATC ATC CCC ACC CTG CTC GTC GCT GTC TTC CAG GAT GTG GAG CAC 1351 Ala Ile Ile Pro Thr Leu Leu Val Ala Val Phe Gln Asp Val Glu His 420 425 430 CTA ACG GGG ATG AAT GAC TTC CTG AAT GTC CTG CAG AGC TTA CAG CTC 1399 Leu Thr Gly Met Asn Asp Phe Leu Asn Val Leu Gln Ser Leu Gln Leu 435 440 445 450 CCC TTT GCT CTC ATA CCC ATC CTC ACG TTC ACA AGC CTG CGG CCA GTG 1447 Pro Phe Ala Leu Ile Pro Ile Leu Thr Phe Thr Ser Leu Arg Pro Val 455 460 465 ATG AGT GAG TTT TCC AAT GGA ATA GGC TGG AGG ATT GCC GGT GGC ATC 1495 Met Ser Glu Phe Ser Asn Gly Ile Gly Trp Arg Ile Ala Gly Gly Ile 470 475 480 CTG GTC CTG ATC GTC TGC TCC ATC AAC ATG TAC TTT GTA GTG GTT TAT 1543 Leu Val Leu Ile Val Cys Ser Ile Asn Met Tyr Phe Val Val Val Tyr 485 490 495 GTC CAG GAG CTA GGG CAT GTG GCA CTC TAT GTG GTG GCT GCA GTG GTT 1591 Val Gln Glu Leu Gly His Val Ala Leu Tyr Val Val Ala Ala Val Val 500 505 510 AGC GTG GCT TAT TTG ACC TTT GTG TTC TAC TTG GGT TGG CAG TGT TTG 1639 Ser Val Ala Tyr Leu Thr Phe Val Phe Tyr Leu Gly Trp Gln Cys Leu 515 520 525 530 ATT GCA TTG GGT CTG TCT TTC CTG GAC TGT GGA CGC TCG TAC CGC CTG 1687 Ile Ala Leu Gly Leu Ser Phe Leu Asp Cys Gly Arg Ser Tyr Arg Leu 535 540 545 GGA CTG ACC GCT CAG CCT GAA CTC TAT CTT CTG AAC ACC GTG GAT GCT 1735 Gly Leu Thr Ala Gln Pro Glu Leu Tyr Leu Leu Asn Thr Val Asp Ala 550 555 560 GAC TCA GTG GTG TCC AGA TGACTAACAG CCCAGGAGAC CTTAAGAACA 1783 Asp Ser Val Val Ser Arg 565 CTTTCTCTAA GCCCTTTCGG GCCAAGTGCC TGTTAGCAAA TCCCTTAGTT CGGAGGTGAG 1843 CTTGTTCAAA GGTTTTTGAA CAAAGGAGAA GTTCTCCTCA CGGACTCAGG GTAAAAGCTG 1903 ACAGTTGCGT ATGGGTCAGA GACCCTTCGG AGGCAGTGGG CCTGTGGCAG CTGTGCAGTC 1963 CCTCAGGCTT GTGTCTGCAC TTCTGGGGTT TAAAGTGTAT CGATATGTAT TTATGTGAAC 2023 CCAAACGTGC CAGTTTGGGT AAGATTTTAA GGTTATAAAA CTTGATAGAT TTTTACAAAT 2083 GCCTTTCAGG TGAGTTAGGT CTTTGTTCTA TTTGGGTAAC AAATGAGAAA GGGACCTTTC 2143 TGACGATGAA CTTCCCCAAA ATAACTCTTG AAGCGCTGCT TTACCACAGT GTGTGTGTGT 2203 GTGTGTGTGT GTGTGTGTGT GCGCGCGCGC GTGCCTGCCT GCTTCTGCTT GTGGGGGCCA 2263 CGGGTTGGCA TCAGGTGTCT CCAGTCTCTA CCACAGTGTG TGTGTGTGTG TGTGTGTGTG 2323 TGTGTGTGTG TGTGTGTGTG TGTGTGTGCG TGCGCGAGTG CCTGCCTGCT TCTGCTTGTG 2383 GGGGCCACGG GTTGGCATCA GGTGTCTCCA GTCTCTCTCT GAACATGGAG TTCAGTGTGT 2443 GACTGAGCTA GCCAGCCAGT AAGTTCAAGG ATCCTCCTGG CCTCGCGCCC CAACACTGTG 2503 GTCCCAGATC AGCTGCTACG CCCAGATTTT ACACAGTGCT GGGGACCCAA ACTCAGGTCT 2563 TCCTGGACAG CAGGTACTTT ACCAACTTTC CCCCTTTGTC TCTACATCAA GTGTGTCTGT 2623 GGCTGTTGTT CCGTTGGTGT CTGTCCACCT GCCCTTTCTT CCCACTCTAC GCGCTGACAC 2683 TCCACACACT GTCCTCACCC TGTCTCTAAG GGCCGCCCGT ATGTGTACCG CTGAGTGTTC 2743 CTGAGGAATT TAAGCATTTT AAGGTGTGTG TTAGCAGAGG TCTGAGGCTC GCACTCGATG 2803 GGAACACAGA CCATCAGTTT CACTTTAAGC ACCGACACTC CAAACGCGCG TGTGCAGGTA 2863 GTGAAGCTTT TTGGTTTTTG CTTTAATCCC AACCAGAAAT AATCATCCTT GTTATAATAA 2923 AGTTCATGCT TAATAGCTAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAATT AAAC 2967 568 amino acids amino acid linear protein unknown 27 Met Val Leu Asp Pro Lys Glu Lys Met Pro Asp Asp Gly Ala Ser Gly 1 5 10 15 Asp His Gly Asp Ser Ala Ser Leu Gly Ala Ile Asn Pro Ala Tyr Ser 20 25 30 Asn Ser Ser Leu Pro His Ser Thr Gly Asp Ser Glu Glu Pro Phe Thr 35 40 45 Thr Tyr Phe Asp Glu Lys Ile Pro Ile Pro Glu Glu Glu Tyr Ser Cys 50 55 60 Phe Ser Phe Arg Lys Leu Trp Ala Phe Thr Gly Pro Gly Phe Leu Met 65 70 75 80 Ser Ile Ala Tyr Leu Asp Pro Gly Asn Ile Glu Ser Asp Leu Gln Ser 85 90 95 Gly Ala Val Ala Gly Phe Lys Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Leu Ala Thr 100 105 110 Ile Val Gly Leu Leu Leu Gln Arg Leu Ala Ala Arg Leu Gly Val Val 115 120 125 Thr Gly Leu His Leu Ala Glu Val Cys His Arg Gln Tyr Pro Lys Val 130 135 140 Pro Arg Ile Ile Leu Trp Leu Met Val Glu Leu Ala Ile Ile Gly Ser 145 150 155 160 Asp Met Gln Glu Val Ile Gly Ser Ala Ile Ala Ile Asn Leu Leu Ser 165 170 175 Ala Gly Arg Val Pro Val Trp Gly Gly Val Leu Ile Thr Ile Ala Asp 180 185 190 Thr Phe Val Phe Leu Phe Leu Asp Lys Tyr Gly Leu Arg Lys Leu Glu 195 200 205 Ala Phe Phe Gly Phe Leu Ile Thr Ile Met Ala Leu Thr Phe Gly Tyr 210 215 220 Glu Tyr Ile Thr Val Lys Pro Ser Gln Ser Gln Val Leu Arg Gly Met 225 230 235 240 Phe Val Pro Ser Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg Thr Pro Gln Val Glu Gln Ala 245 250 255 Val Gly Ile Val Gly Ala Val Ile Met Pro His Asn Met Tyr Leu His 260 265 270 Ser Ala Leu Val Lys Ser Arg Gln Val Asn Arg Ala Asn Lys Gln Glu 275 280 285 Val Arg Glu Ala Asn Lys Tyr Phe Phe Ile Glu Ser Cys Ile Ala Leu 290 295 300 Phe Val Ser Phe Ile Ile Asn Val Phe Val Val Ser Val Phe Ala Glu 305 310 315 320 Ala Phe Phe Glu Lys Thr Asn Lys Gln Val Val Glu Val Cys Lys Asn 325 330 335 Asn Ser Ser Pro His Ala Asp Leu Phe Pro Ser Asp Asn Ser Thr Leu 340 345 350 Ala Val Asp Ile Tyr Lys Gly Gly Val Val Leu Gly Cys Tyr Phe Gly 355 360 365 Pro Ala Ala Leu Tyr Ile Trp Ala Val Gly Ile Leu Ala Ala Gly Gln 370 375 380 Ser Ser Thr Met Thr Gly Thr Tyr Ser Gly Gln Phe Val Met Glu Gly 385 390 395 400 Phe Leu Asn Leu Lys Trp Ser Arg Phe Ala Arg Val Ile Leu Thr Arg 405 410 415 Ser Ile Ala Ile Ile Pro Thr Leu Leu Val Ala Val Phe Gln Asp Val 420 425 430 Glu His Leu Thr Gly Met Asn Asp Phe Leu Asn Val Leu Gln Ser Leu 435 440 445 Gln Leu Pro Phe Ala Leu Ile Pro Ile Leu Thr Phe Thr Ser Leu Arg 450 455 460 Pro Val Met Ser Glu Phe Ser Asn Gly Ile Gly Trp Arg Ile Ala Gly 465 470 475 480 Gly Ile Leu Val Leu Ile Val Cys Ser Ile Asn Met Tyr Phe Val Val 485 490 495 Val Tyr Val Gln Glu Leu Gly His Val Ala Leu Tyr Val Val Ala Ala 500 505 510 Val Val Ser Val Ala Tyr Leu Thr Phe Val Phe Tyr Leu Gly Trp Gln 515 520 525 Cys Leu Ile Ala Leu Gly Leu Ser Phe Leu Asp Cys Gly Arg Ser Tyr 530 535 540 Arg Leu Gly Leu Thr Ala Gln Pro Glu Leu Tyr Leu Leu Asn Thr Val 545 550 555 560 Asp Ala Asp Ser Val Val Ser Arg 565 584 amino acids amino acid linear protein Mus musculus Blood B-cell precursor 70/Z MNramp-2 28 Gly Gly Ala Glu Ser Tyr Ser Lys Ser Thr Asp Pro Gln Val Ser Thr 1 5 10 15 Met Val Leu Asp Pro Lys Glu Lys Met Pro Asp Asp Gly Ala Ser Gly 20 25 30 Asp His Gly Asp Ser Ala Ser Leu Gly Ala Ile Asn Pro Ala Tyr Ser 35 40 45 Asn Ser Ser Leu Pro His Ser Thr Gly Asp Ser Glu Glu Pro Phe Thr 50 55 60 Thr Tyr Phe Asp Glu Lys Ile Pro Ile Pro Glu Glu Glu Tyr Ser Cys 65 70 75 80 Phe Ser Phe Arg Lys Leu Trp Ala Phe Thr Gly Pro Gly Phe Leu Met 85 90 95 Ser Ile Ala Tyr Leu Asp Pro Gly Asn Ile Glu Ser Asp Leu Gln Ser 100 105 110 Gly Ala Val Ala Gly Phe Lys Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Leu Ala Thr 115 120 125 Ile Val Gly Leu Leu Leu Gln Arg Leu Ala Ala Arg Leu Gly Val Val 130 135 140 Thr Gly Leu His Leu Ala Glu Val Cys His Arg Gln Tyr Pro Lys Val 145 150 155 160 Pro Arg Ile Ile Leu Trp Leu Met Val Glu Leu Ala Ile Ile Gly Ser 165 170 175 Asp Met Gln Glu Val Ile Gly Ser Ala Ile Ala Ile Asn Leu Leu Ser 180 185 190 Ala Gly Arg Val Pro Val Trp Gly Gly Val Leu Ile Thr Ile Ala Asp 195 200 205 Thr Phe Val Phe Leu Phe Leu Asp Lys Tyr Gly Leu Arg Lys Leu Glu 210 215 220 Ala Phe Phe Gly Phe Leu Ile Thr Ile Met Ala Leu Thr Phe Gly Tyr 225 230 235 240 Glu Tyr Ile Thr Val Lys Pro Ser Gln Ser Gln Val Leu Arg Gly Met 245 250 255 Phe Val Pro Ser Cys Pro Gly Cys Arg Thr Pro Gln Val Glu Gln Ala 260 265 270 Val Gly Ile Val Gly Ala Val Ile Met Pro His Asn Met Tyr Leu His 275 280 285 Ser Ala Leu Val Lys Ser Arg Gln Val Asn Arg Ala Asn Lys Gln Glu 290 295 300 Val Arg Glu Ala Asn Lys Tyr Phe Phe Ile Glu Ser Cys Ile Ala Leu 305 310 315 320 Phe Val Ser Phe Ile Ile Asn Val Phe Val Val Ser Val Phe Ala Glu 325 330 335 Ala Phe Phe Glu Lys Thr Asn Lys Gln Val Val Glu Val Cys Lys Asn 340 345 350 Asn Ser Ser Pro His Ala Asp Leu Phe Pro Ser Asp Asn Ser Thr Leu 355 360 365 Ala Val Asp Ile Tyr Lys Gly Gly Val Val Leu Gly Cys Tyr Phe Gly 370 375 380 Pro Ala Ala Leu Tyr Ile Trp Ala Val Gly Ile Leu Ala Ala Gly Gln 385 390 395 400 Ser Ser Thr Met Thr Gly Thr Tyr Ser Gly Gln Phe Val Met Glu Gly 405 410 415 Phe Leu Asn Leu Lys Trp Ser Arg Phe Ala Arg Val Ile Leu Thr Arg 420 425 430 Ser Ile Ala Ile Ile Pro Thr Leu Leu Val Ala Val Phe Gln Asp Val 435 440 445 Glu His Leu Thr Gly Met Asn Asp Phe Leu Asn Val Leu Gln Ser Leu 450 455 460 Gln Leu Pro Phe Ala Leu Ile Pro Ile Leu Thr Phe Thr Ser Leu Arg 465 470 475 480 Pro Val Met Ser Glu Phe Ser Asn Gly Ile Gly Trp Arg Ile Ala Gly 485 490 495 Gly Ile Leu Val Leu Ile Val Cys Ser Ile Asn Met Tyr Phe Val Val 500 505 510 Val Tyr Val Gln Glu Leu Gly His Val Ala Leu Tyr Val Val Ala Ala 515 520 525 Val Val Ser Val Ala Tyr Leu Thr Phe Val Phe Tyr Leu Gly Trp Gln 530 535 540 Cys Leu Ile Ala Leu Gly Leu Ser Phe Leu Asp Cys Gly Arg Ser Tyr 545 550 555 560 Arg Leu Gly Leu Thr Ala Gln Pro Glu Leu Tyr Leu Leu Asn Thr Val 565 570 575 Asp Ala Asp Ser Val Val Ser Arg 580 2007 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA Homo sapiens Spleen HNRAMP-1 2q CDS 77..1729 29 TCTGGGCACG GGTGCAGGCT GAGGAGCTGC CCAGAGCACC GCTCACACTC CCAGAGTACC 60 TGAAGTCGGC ATTTCA ATG ACA GGT GAC AAG GGT CCC CAA AGG CTA AGC 109 Met Thr Gly Asp Lys Gly Pro Gln Arg Leu Ser 1 5 10 GGG TCC AGC TAT GGT TCC ATC TCC AGC CCG ACC AGC CCG ACC AGC CCA 157 Gly Ser Ser Tyr Gly Ser Ile Ser Ser Pro Thr Ser Pro Thr Ser Pro 15 20 25 GGG CCA CAG CAA GCA CCT CCC AGA GAG ACC TAC CTG AGT GAG AAG ATC 205 Gly Pro Gln Gln Ala Pro Pro Arg Glu Thr Tyr Leu Ser Glu Lys Ile 30 35 40 CCC ATC CCA GAC ACA AAA CCG GGC ACC TTC AGC CTG CGG AAG CTA TGG 253 Pro Ile Pro Asp Thr Lys Pro Gly Thr Phe Ser Leu Arg Lys Leu Trp 45 50 55 GCC TTC ACG GGG CCT GGC TTC CTC ATG AGC ATT GCT TTC CTG GAC CCA 301 Ala Phe Thr Gly Pro Gly Phe Leu Met Ser Ile Ala Phe Leu Asp Pro 60 65 70 75 GGA AAC ATC GAG TCA GAT CTT CAG GCT GGC GCC GTG GCG GGA TTC AAA 349 Gly Asn Ile Glu Ser Asp Leu Gln Ala Gly Ala Val Ala Gly Phe Lys 80 85 90 CTT CTC TGG GTG CTG CTC TGG GCC ACC GTG TTG GGC TTG CTC TGC CAG 397 Leu Leu Trp Val Leu Leu Trp Ala Thr Val Leu Gly Leu Leu Cys Gln 95 100 105 CGA CTG GCT GCA CGT CTG GGC GTG GTG ACA GGC AAG GAC TTG GGC GAG 445 Arg Leu Ala Ala Arg Leu Gly Val Val Thr Gly Lys Asp Leu Gly Glu 110 115 120 GTC TGC CAT CTC TAC TAC CCT AAG GTG CCC CGC ACC GTC CTC TGG CTG 493 Val Cys His Leu Tyr Tyr Pro Lys Val Pro Arg Thr Val Leu Trp Leu 125 130 135 ACC ATC GAG CTA GCC ATT GTG GGC TCC GAC ATG CAG GAA GTC ATC GGC 541 Thr Ile Glu Leu Ala Ile Val Gly Ser Asp Met Gln Glu Val Ile Gly 140 145 150 155 ACG GCC ATT GCA TTC AAT CTG CTC TCA GCT GGA CGA ATC CCA CTC TGG 589 Thr Ala Ile Ala Phe Asn Leu Leu Ser Ala Gly Arg Ile Pro Leu Trp 160 165 170 GGT GGC GTC CTC ATC ACC ATC GTG GAC ACC TTC TTC TTC CTC TTC CTC 637 Gly Gly Val Leu Ile Thr Ile Val Asp Thr Phe Phe Phe Leu Phe Leu 175 180 185 GAT AAC TAC GGG CTG CGG AAG CTG GAA GCT TTT TTT GGA CTC CTT ATA 685 Asp Asn Tyr Gly Leu Arg Lys Leu Glu Ala Phe Phe Gly Leu Leu Ile 190 195 200 ACC ATT ATG GCC TTG ACC TTT GGC TAT GAG TAT GTG GTG GCG CGT CCT 733 Thr Ile Met Ala Leu Thr Phe Gly Tyr Glu Tyr Val Val Ala Arg Pro 205 210 215 GAG CAG GGA GCG CTT CTT CGG GGC CTG TTC CTG CCC TCG TGC CCG GGC 781 Glu Gln Gly Ala Leu Leu Arg Gly Leu Phe Leu Pro Ser Cys Pro Gly 220 225 230 235 TGC GGC CAC CCC GAG CTG CTG CAG GCG GTG GGC ATT GTT GGC GCC ATC 829 Cys Gly His Pro Glu Leu Leu Gln Ala Val Gly Ile Val Gly Ala Ile 240 245 250 ATC ATG CCC CAC AAC ATC TAC CTG CAC TCG GCC CTG GTC AAG TCT CGA 877 Ile Met Pro His Asn Ile Tyr Leu His Ser Ala Leu Val Lys Ser Arg 255 260 265 GAG ATA GAC CGG GCC CGC CGA GCG GAC ATC AGA GAA GCC AAC ATG TAC 925 Glu Ile Asp Arg Ala Arg Arg Ala Asp Ile Arg Glu Ala Asn Met Tyr 270 275 280 TTC CTG ATT GAG GCC ACC ATC GCC CTG TCC GTC TCC TTT ATC ATC AAC 973 Phe Leu Ile Glu Ala Thr Ile Ala Leu Ser Val Ser Phe Ile Ile Asn 285 290 295 CTC TTT GTC ATG GCT GTC TTT GGG CAG GCC TTC TAC CAG AAA ACC AAC 1021 Leu Phe Val Met Ala Val Phe Gly Gln Ala Phe Tyr Gln Lys Thr Asn 300 305 310 315 CAG GCT GCG TTC AAC ATC TGT GCC AAC AGC AGC CTC CAC GAC TAC GCC 1069 Gln Ala Ala Phe Asn Ile Cys Ala Asn Ser Ser Leu His Asp Tyr Ala 320 325 330 AAG ATC TTC CCC ATG AAC AAC GCC ACC GTG GCC GTG GAC ATT TAC CAG 1117 Lys Ile Phe Pro Met Asn Asn Ala Thr Val Ala Val Asp Ile Tyr Gln 335 340 345 GGG GGC GTG ATC CTG GGC TGC CTG TTC GGC CCC GCG GCC CTC TAC ATC 1165 Gly Gly Val Ile Leu Gly Cys Leu Phe Gly Pro Ala Ala Leu Tyr Ile 350 355 360 TGG GCC ATA GGT CTC CTG GCG GCT GGG CAG AGC TCC ACC ATG ACG GGC 1213 Trp Ala Ile Gly Leu Leu Ala Ala Gly Gln Ser Ser Thr Met Thr Gly 365 370 375 ACC TAC GCG GGA CAG TTC GTG ATG GAG GGC TTC CTG AGG CTG CGG TGG 1261 Thr Tyr Ala Gly Gln Phe Val Met Glu Gly Phe Leu Arg Leu Arg Trp 380 385 390 395 TCA CGC TTC GCC CGT GTC CTC CTC ACC CGC TCC TGC GCC ATC CTG CCC 1309 Ser Arg Phe Ala Arg Val Leu Leu Thr Arg Ser Cys Ala Ile Leu Pro 400 405 410 ACC GTG CTC GTG GCT GTC TTC CGG GAC CTG AGG GAC TTG TCG GGC CTC 1357 Thr Val Leu Val Ala Val Phe Arg Asp Leu Arg Asp Leu Ser Gly Leu 415 420 425 AAT GAT CTG CTC AAC GTG CTG CAG AGC CTG CTG CTC CCG TTC GCC GTG 1405 Asn Asp Leu Leu Asn Val Leu Gln Ser Leu Leu Leu Pro Phe Ala Val 430 435 440 CTG CCC ATC CTC ACG TTC ACC AGC ATG CCC ACC CTC ATG CAG GAG TTT 1453 Leu Pro Ile Leu Thr Phe Thr Ser Met Pro Thr Leu Met Gln Glu Phe 445 450 455 GCC AAT GGC CTG CTG AAC AAG GTC GTC ACC TCT TCC ATC ATG GTG CTA 1501 Ala Asn Gly Leu Leu Asn Lys Val Val Thr Ser Ser Ile Met Val Leu 460 465 470 475 GTC TGC GCC ATC AAC CTC TAC TTC GTG GTC AGC TAT CTG CCC AGC CTG 1549 Val Cys Ala Ile Asn Leu Tyr Phe Val Val Ser Tyr Leu Pro Ser Leu 480 485 490 CCC CAC CCT GCC TAC TTC GGC CTT GCA GCC TTG CTG GCC GCA GCC TAC 1597 Pro His Pro Ala Tyr Phe Gly Leu Ala Ala Leu Leu Ala Ala Ala Tyr 495 500 505 CTG GGC CTC AGC ACC TAC CTG GTC TGG ACC TGT TGC CTT GCC CAC GGA 1645 Leu Gly Leu Ser Thr Tyr Leu Val Trp Thr Cys Cys Leu Ala His Gly 510 515 520 GCC ACC TTT CTG GCC CAC AGC TCC CAC CAC CAC TTC CTG TAT GGG CTC 1693 Ala Thr Phe Leu Ala His Ser Ser His His His Phe Leu Tyr Gly Leu 525 530 535 CTT GAA GAG GAC CAG AAA GGG GAG ACC TCT GGC TAGGCCCACA CCAGGGCCTG 1746 Leu Glu Glu Asp Gln Lys Gly Glu Thr Ser Gly 540 545 550 GCTGGGAGTG GCATGTATGA CGTGACTGGC CTGCTGGATG TGGAGGGGGC GCGTGCAGGC 1806 AGCAGGATAG AGTGGGACAG TTCCTGAGAC CAGCCAACCT GGGGGCTTTA GGGACCTGCT 1866 GTTTCCTAGC GCAGCCATGT GATTACCCTC TGGGTCTCAG TGTCCTCATC TGTAAAATGG 1926 AGACACCACC ACCCTTGCCA TGGAGGTTAA GCACTTTAAC ACAGTGTCTG GCACTTGGGA 1986 CAAAAACAAA CAAACGAAAA A 2007 550 amino acids amino acid linear protein unknown 30 Met Thr Gly Asp Lys Gly Pro Gln Arg Leu Ser Gly Ser Ser Tyr Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Ile Ser Ser Pro Thr Ser Pro Thr Ser Pro Gly Pro Gln Gln Ala 20 25 30 Pro Pro Arg Glu Thr Tyr Leu Ser Glu Lys Ile Pro Ile Pro Asp Thr 35 40 45 Lys Pro Gly Thr Phe Ser Leu Arg Lys Leu Trp Ala Phe Thr Gly Pro 50 55 60 Gly Phe Leu Met Ser Ile Ala Phe Leu Asp Pro Gly Asn Ile Glu Ser 65 70 75 80 Asp Leu Gln Ala Gly Ala Val Ala Gly Phe Lys Leu Leu Trp Val Leu 85 90 95 Leu Trp Ala Thr Val Leu Gly Leu Leu Cys Gln Arg Leu Ala Ala Arg 100 105 110 Leu Gly Val Val Thr Gly Lys Asp Leu Gly Glu Val Cys His Leu Tyr 115 120 125 Tyr Pro Lys Val Pro Arg Thr Val Leu Trp Leu Thr Ile Glu Leu Ala 130 135 140 Ile Val Gly Ser Asp Met Gln Glu Val Ile Gly Thr Ala Ile Ala Phe 145 150 155 160 Asn Leu Leu Ser Ala Gly Arg Ile Pro Leu Trp Gly Gly Val Leu Ile 165 170 175 Thr Ile Val Asp Thr Phe Phe Phe Leu Phe Leu Asp Asn Tyr Gly Leu 180 185 190 Arg Lys Leu Glu Ala Phe Phe Gly Leu Leu Ile Thr Ile Met Ala Leu 195 200 205 Thr Phe Gly Tyr Glu Tyr Val Val Ala Arg Pro Glu Gln Gly Ala Leu 210 215 220 Leu Arg Gly Leu Phe Leu Pro Ser Cys Pro Gly Cys Gly His Pro Glu 225 230 235 240 Leu Leu Gln Ala Val Gly Ile Val Gly Ala Ile Ile Met Pro His Asn 245 250 255 Ile Tyr Leu His Ser Ala Leu Val Lys Ser Arg Glu Ile Asp Arg Ala 260 265 270 Arg Arg Ala Asp Ile Arg Glu Ala Asn Met Tyr Phe Leu Ile Glu Ala 275 280 285 Thr Ile Ala Leu Ser Val Ser Phe Ile Ile Asn Leu Phe Val Met Ala 290 295 300 Val Phe Gly Gln Ala Phe Tyr Gln Lys Thr Asn Gln Ala Ala Phe Asn 305 310 315 320 Ile Cys Ala Asn Ser Ser Leu His Asp Tyr Ala Lys Ile Phe Pro Met 325 330 335 Asn Asn Ala Thr Val Ala Val Asp Ile Tyr Gln Gly Gly Val Ile Leu 340 345 350 Gly Cys Leu Phe Gly Pro Ala Ala Leu Tyr Ile Trp Ala Ile Gly Leu 355 360 365 Leu Ala Ala Gly Gln Ser Ser Thr Met Thr Gly Thr Tyr Ala Gly Gln 370 375 380 Phe Val Met Glu Gly Phe Leu Arg Leu Arg Trp Ser Arg Phe Ala Arg 385 390 395 400 Val Leu Leu Thr Arg Ser Cys Ala Ile Leu Pro Thr Val Leu Val Ala 405 410 415 Val Phe Arg Asp Leu Arg Asp Leu Ser Gly Leu Asn Asp Leu Leu Asn 420 425 430 Val Leu Gln Ser Leu Leu Leu Pro Phe Ala Val Leu Pro Ile Leu Thr 435 440 445 Phe Thr Ser Met Pro Thr Leu Met Gln Glu Phe Ala Asn Gly Leu Leu 450 455 460 Asn Lys Val Val Thr Ser Ser Ile Met Val Leu Val Cys Ala Ile Asn 465 470 475 480 Leu Tyr Phe Val Val Ser Tyr Leu Pro Ser Leu Pro His Pro Ala Tyr 485 490 495 Phe Gly Leu Ala Ala Leu Leu Ala Ala Ala Tyr Leu Gly Leu Ser Thr 500 505 510 Tyr Leu Val Trp Thr Cys Cys Leu Ala His Gly Ala Thr Phe Leu Ala 515 520 525 His Ser Ser His His His Phe Leu Tyr Gly Leu Leu Glu Glu Asp Gln 530 535 540 Lys Gly Glu Thr Ser Gly 545 550 1866 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA Homo sapiens Liver HNRAMP-2 12 CDS 68..1516 31 AGGAATGGAG GAGTACTCTT GTTTTAGCTT TCGTAAACTC TGGGCTTTCA CCGGACCAGG 60 TTTTCTT ATG AGC ATT GCC TAC CTG GAT CCA GGA AAT ATT GAA TCC GAT 109 Met Ser Ile Ala Tyr Leu Asp Pro Gly Asn Ile Glu Ser Asp 1 5 10 TTG CAG TCT GGA GCA GTG GCT GGA TTT AAG TTG CTC TGG ATC CTT CTG 157 Leu Gln Ser Gly Ala Val Ala Gly Phe Lys Leu Leu Trp Ile Leu Leu 15 20 25 30 TTG GCC ACC CTT GTG GGG CTG CTG CTC CAG CGG CTT GCA GCT AGA CTG 205 Leu Ala Thr Leu Val Gly Leu Leu Leu Gln Arg Leu Ala Ala Arg Leu 35 40 45 GGA GTG GTT ACT GGG CTG CAT CTT GCT GAA GTA TGT CAC CGT CAG TAT 253 Gly Val Val Thr Gly Leu His Leu Ala Glu Val Cys His Arg Gln Tyr 50 55 60 CCC AAG GTC CCA CGA GTC ATC CTG TGG CTG ATG GTG GAG TTG GCT ATC 301 Pro Lys Val Pro Arg Val Ile Leu Trp Leu Met Val Glu Leu Ala Ile 65 70 75 ATC GGC TCA GAC ATG CAA GAA GTC ATT GGC TCA GCC ATT GCT ATC AAT 349 Ile Gly Ser Asp Met Gln Glu Val Ile Gly Ser Ala Ile Ala Ile Asn 80 85 90 CTT CTG TCT GTA GGA AGA ATT CCT CTG TGG GGT GGC GTT CTC ATC ACC 397 Leu Leu Ser Val Gly Arg Ile Pro Leu Trp Gly Gly Val Leu Ile Thr 95 100 105 110 ATT GCA GAT ACT TTT GTA TTT CTC TTC TTG GAC AAA TAT GGC TTG CGG 445 Ile Ala Asp Thr Phe Val Phe Leu Phe Leu Asp Lys Tyr Gly Leu Arg 115 120 125 AAG CTA GAA GCA TTT TTT GGC TTT CTC ATC ACT ATT ATG GCC CTC ACA 493 Lys Leu Glu Ala Phe Phe Gly Phe Leu Ile Thr Ile Met Ala Leu Thr 130 135 140 TTT GGA TAT GAG TAT GTT ACA GTG AAA CCC AGC CAG AGC CAG GTA CTC 541 Phe Gly Tyr Glu Tyr Val Thr Val Lys Pro Ser Gln Ser Gln Val Leu 145 150 155 AAG GGC ATG TTC GTA CCA TCC TGT TCA GGC TGT CGC ACT CCA CAG ATT 589 Lys Gly Met Phe Val Pro Ser Cys Ser Gly Cys Arg Thr Pro Gln Ile 160 165 170 GAA CAG GCT GTG GGC ATC GTG GGA GCT GTC ATC ATG CCA CAC AAC ATG 637 Glu Gln Ala Val Gly Ile Val Gly Ala Val Ile Met Pro His Asn Met 175 180 185 190 TAC CTG CAT TCT GCC TTA GTC AAG TCT AGA CAG GTA AAC CGG AAC AAT 685 Tyr Leu His Ser Ala Leu Val Lys Ser Arg Gln Val Asn Arg Asn Asn 195 200 205 AAG CAG GAA GTT CGA GAA GCC AAT AAG TAC TTT TTC ATT GAA TCC TGC 733 Lys Gln Glu Val Arg Glu Ala Asn Lys Tyr Phe Phe Ile Glu Ser Cys 210 215 220 ATT GCA CTC TTT GTT TCC TTC ATC ATC AAT GTC TTT GTT GTC TCA GTC 781 Ile Ala Leu Phe Val Ser Phe Ile Ile Asn Val Phe Val Val Ser Val 225 230 235 TTT GCT GAA GCA TTT TTT GGG AAA ACC AAC GAG CAG GTG GTT GAA GTC 829 Phe Ala Glu Ala Phe Phe Gly Lys Thr Asn Glu Gln Val Val Glu Val 240 245 250 TGT ACA AAT ACC AGC AGT CCT CAT GCT GGC CTC TTT CCT AAA GAT AAC 877 Cys Thr Asn Thr Ser Ser Pro His Ala Gly Leu Phe Pro Lys Asp Asn 255 260 265 270 TCG ACA CTG GCT GTG GAC ATC TAC AAA GGG GGT GTT GTG CTG GGA TGT 925 Ser Thr Leu Ala Val Asp Ile Tyr Lys Gly Gly Val Val Leu Gly Cys 275 280 285 TAC TTT GGG CCT GCT GCA CTC TAC ATT TGG GCA GTG GGG ATC CTG GCT 973 Tyr Phe Gly Pro Ala Ala Leu Tyr Ile Trp Ala Val Gly Ile Leu Ala 290 295 300 GCA GGA CAG AGC TCC ACC ATG ACA GGA ACC TAT TCT GGC CAG TTT GTC 1021 Ala Gly Gln Ser Ser Thr Met Thr Gly Thr Tyr Ser Gly Gln Phe Val 305 310 315 ATG GAG GGA TTC CTG AAC CTA AAG TGG TCA CGC TTT GCC CGA GTG GTT 1069 Met Glu Gly Phe Leu Asn Leu Lys Trp Ser Arg Phe Ala Arg Val Val 320 325 330 CTG ACT CGC TCT ATC GCC ATC ATC CCC ACT CTG CTT GTT GCT GTC TTC 1117 Leu Thr Arg Ser Ile Ala Ile Ile Pro Thr Leu Leu Val Ala Val Phe 335 340 345 350 CAA GAT GTA GAG CAT CTA ACA GGG ATG AAT GAC TTT CTG AAT GTT CTA 1165 Gln Asp Val Glu His Leu Thr Gly Met Asn Asp Phe Leu Asn Val Leu 355 360 365 CAG AGC TTA CAG CTT CCC TTT GCT CTC ATA CCC ATC CTC ACA TTT ACG 1213 Gln Ser Leu Gln Leu Pro Phe Ala Leu Ile Pro Ile Leu Thr Phe Thr 370 375 380 TAC GTG CGG CCA GTA ATG AGT GAC TTT GCC AAT GGA CTA GGC TGG CGG 1261 Tyr Val Arg Pro Val Met Ser Asp Phe Ala Asn Gly Leu Gly Trp Arg 385 390 395 ATT GCA GGA GGA ATC TTG GTC CTT ATC ATC TGT TCC ATC AAT ATG TAC 1309 Ile Ala Gly Gly Ile Leu Val Leu Ile Ile Cys Ser Ile Asn Met Tyr 400 405 410 TTT GTA GTG GTT TAT GTC CGG GAC CTA GGG CAT GTG GCA TTA TAT GTG 1357 Phe Val Val Val Tyr Val Arg Asp Leu Gly His Val Ala Leu Tyr Val 415 420 425 430 GTG GCT GCT GTG GTC AGC GTG GCT TAT CTG GGC TTT GTG TTC TAC TTG 1405 Val Ala Ala Val Val Ser Val Ala Tyr Leu Gly Phe Val Phe Tyr Leu 435 440 445 GGT TGG CAA TGT TTG ATT GCA CTG GGC ATG TCC TTC CTG GAC TGT GGG 1453 Gly Trp Gln Cys Leu Ile Ala Leu Gly Met Ser Phe Leu Asp Cys Gly 450 455 460 CAT ACG GTA AGC ATC TCT AAA GGC CTG CTG ACA GAA GAA GCC ACC CGT 1501 His Thr Val Ser Ile Ser Lys Gly Leu Leu Thr Glu Glu Ala Thr Arg 465 470 475 GGC TAC GTT AAA TAACACTGGA TTAGTCTGTC TTCTGCAGGT AGCCATCAGA 1553 Gly Tyr Val Lys 480 GCCAGTGTGT TTCTATGGTT TACTGTGTGA ACATAGCCAA AAGTATGTGC CGTTGCACAG 1613 ACTGTGTTTA TGACTCAACC GTTGGTTGGA AAAGACTTTG TTTCATGTGT ATTTGAAAGA 1673 TGGAATTATT TTTTCCTTCC TGACCTAACC TTAGAACTGG ATTAGGGTGG GATCTTTGAA 1733 AAGCTGACAT TTGCTGCTAT CATTCCAACA CTAAATTCTT AAGTAGTTGC CCAAGGGCCA 1793 GCTCAGTTTA TCCTTCGGAG AGACAAGGAT ATGCATGATT CTTAACCAGG CTATATGTTA 1853 AAAAAAAAAA AAA 1866 482 amino acids amino acid linear protein unknown 32 Met Ser Ile Ala Tyr Leu Asp Pro Gly Asn Ile Glu Ser Asp Leu Gln 1 5 10 15 Ser Gly Ala Val Ala Gly Phe Lys Leu Leu Trp Ile Leu Leu Leu Ala 20 25 30 Thr Leu Val Gly Leu Leu Leu Gln Arg Leu Ala Ala Arg Leu Gly Val 35 40 45 Val Thr Gly Leu His Leu Ala Glu Val Cys His Arg Gln Tyr Pro Lys 50 55 60 Val Pro Arg Val Ile Leu Trp Leu Met Val Glu Leu Ala Ile Ile Gly 65 70 75 80 Ser Asp Met Gln Glu Val Ile Gly Ser Ala Ile Ala Ile Asn Leu Leu 85 90 95 Ser Val Gly Arg Ile Pro Leu Trp Gly Gly Val Leu Ile Thr Ile Ala 100 105 110 Asp Thr Phe Val Phe Leu Phe Leu Asp Lys Tyr Gly Leu Arg Lys Leu 115 120 125 Glu Ala Phe Phe Gly Phe Leu Ile Thr Ile Met Ala Leu Thr Phe Gly 130 135 140 Tyr Glu Tyr Val Thr Val Lys Pro Ser Gln Ser Gln Val Leu Lys Gly 145 150 155 160 Met Phe Val Pro Ser Cys Ser Gly Cys Arg Thr Pro Gln Ile Glu Gln 165 170 175 Ala Val Gly Ile Val Gly Ala Val Ile Met Pro His Asn Met Tyr Leu 180 185 190 His Ser Ala Leu Val Lys Ser Arg Gln Val Asn Arg Asn Asn Lys Gln 195 200 205 Glu Val Arg Glu Ala Asn Lys Tyr Phe Phe Ile Glu Ser Cys Ile Ala 210 215 220 Leu Phe Val Ser Phe Ile Ile Asn Val Phe Val Val Ser Val Phe Ala 225 230 235 240 Glu Ala Phe Phe Gly Lys Thr Asn Glu Gln Val Val Glu Val Cys Thr 245 250 255 Asn Thr Ser Ser Pro His Ala Gly Leu Phe Pro Lys Asp Asn Ser Thr 260 265 270 Leu Ala Val Asp Ile Tyr Lys Gly Gly Val Val Leu Gly Cys Tyr Phe 275 280 285 Gly Pro Ala Ala Leu Tyr Ile Trp Ala Val Gly Ile Leu Ala Ala Gly 290 295 300 Gln Ser Ser Thr Met Thr Gly Thr Tyr Ser Gly Gln Phe Val Met Glu 305 310 315 320 Gly Phe Leu Asn Leu Lys Trp Ser Arg Phe Ala Arg Val Val Leu Thr 325 330 335 Arg Ser Ile Ala Ile Ile Pro Thr Leu Leu Val Ala Val Phe Gln Asp 340 345 350 Val Glu His Leu Thr Gly Met Asn Asp Phe Leu Asn Val Leu Gln Ser 355 360 365 Leu Gln Leu Pro Phe Ala Leu Ile Pro Ile Leu Thr Phe Thr Tyr Val 370 375 380 Arg Pro Val Met Ser Asp Phe Ala Asn Gly Leu Gly Trp Arg Ile Ala 385 390 395 400 Gly Gly Ile Leu Val Leu Ile Ile Cys Ser Ile Asn Met Tyr Phe Val 405 410 415 Val Val Tyr Val Arg Asp Leu Gly His Val Ala Leu Tyr Val Val Ala 420 425 430 Ala Val Val Ser Val Ala Tyr Leu Gly Phe Val Phe Tyr Leu Gly Trp 435 440 445 Gln Cys Leu Ile Ala Leu Gly Met Ser Phe Leu Asp Cys Gly His Thr 450 455 460 Val Ser Ile Ser Lys Gly Leu Leu Thr Glu Glu Ala Thr Arg Gly Tyr 465 470 475 480 Val Lys 

What is claimed is:
 1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding Nramp, wherein Nramp is a transmembrane protein having at least 10 transmembrane domains and a binding-protein-dependent transport system inner membrane component signature of bacteria, which participates in substrate translocation across a membrane, and wherein said Nramp confers resistance to infection to unrelated intracellular parasites, said polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a) SEQ ID NO:1; b) SEQ ID NO:24; c) SEQ ID NO:26; d) SEQ ID NO:29; e) SEQ ID NO:31; and f) a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence which is at least 93% homologous to an amino acid sequence encoded by any of the polynucleotide sequences in (a) to (e).
 2. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said intracellular parasites are selected from Mycobacterium species, Salmonella typhimurium and Leishmania donovani.
 3. An expression vector expressible in at least one of a eukaryotic and prokaryotic host cell and which comprises: a) the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1; b) at least one of a eukaryotic and prokaryotic origin of replication; and c) at least one of a eukaryotic and prokaryotic promoter sequence operably linked to said nucleic acid molecule.
 4. A prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell transformed with the expression vector of claim
 3. 5. A recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a promoter effective to initiate transcription in a host cell and the nucleic acid molecule of claim
 1. 6. A cell that contains the recombinant nucleic acid molecule of claim
 5. 7. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein Nramp is a protein which has a function in macrophage-dependent inflammatory response.
 8. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 obtained from a mammal.
 9. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 wherein said nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence is at least 97% identical at the amino acid level to an amino acid sequence encoded by any of the polynucleotide sequences in (a) to (e).
 10. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 wherein said nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence is at least 99% similar at the amino acid level to an amino acid sequence encoded by any of the polynucleotide sequences in (a) to (e).
 11. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding Nramp, wherein Nramp is a transmembrane protein having at least 10 transmembrane domains and a binding-protein-dependent transport system inner membrane component signature of bacteria, which participates in substrate translocation across a membrane, and wherein said Nramp confers resistance to infection to unrelated intracellular parasites, said polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a) a polynucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:2; b) a polynucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:25; c) a polynucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:27; d) a polynucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:28; e) a polynucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:30; f) a polynucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:32; and g) a polynucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence which is at least 93% homologous to an amino acid sequence encoded by any of the polynucleotide sequences in (a) to (f).
 12. An isolated nucleic acid molecule consisting of a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a) SEQ ID NO:1; b) SEQ ID NO:24; c) SEQ ID NO:26; d) SEQ ID NO:29; e) SEQ ID NO:31; and f) a nucleotide sequence fully complementary to any of the polynucleotide sequences in (a) to (e).
 13. An expression vector which comprises: a) a nucleic acid molecule of claim 12; b) at least one of a eukaryotic and prokaryotic origin of replication; and c) at least one of a eukaryotic and prokaryotic promoter sequence operably linked to said nucleic acid molecule.
 14. A recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a promoter effective to initiate transcription in a host cell and the nucleic acid molecule of claim
 12. 15. A cell that contains the recombinant nucleic acid molecule of claim
 14. 16. An isolated nucleic acid molecule consisting of a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a) a polynucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:2; b) a polynucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:25; c) a polynucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:27; d) a polynucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:28; e) a polynucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:30; f) a polynucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:32; and g) a nucleotide sequence fully complementary to any of the polynucleotide sequences in (a) to (f).
 17. A recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a promoter effective to initiate transcription in a host cell and the nucleic acid molecule of claim
 16. 18. An expression vector which comprises: a) a nucleic acid molecule of claim 16; b) at least one of a eukaryotic and prokaryotic origin of replication; and c) at least one of a eukaryotic and prokaryotic promoter sequence operably linked to said nucleic acid molecule.
 19. A recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a promoter effective to initiate transcription in a host cell and the nucleic acid molecule of claim
 11. 20. A cell that contains the recombinant nucleic acid molecule of claim
 19. 21. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a mutant SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said mutant comprises a glycine at position
 105. 22. An isolated and purified nucleic acid which is fully complementary to any of the polynucleotide sequences of claim
 1. 23. An isolated and purified nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes under high stringency conditions to the nucleic acid of claim 22 wherein said nucleic acid sequence encodes Nramp, wherein Nramp is a transmembrane protein having at least 10 transmembrane domains and a binding-protein-dependent transport system inner membrane component signature of bacteria, which participates in substrate translocation across a membrane, and wherein said Nramp confers resistance to infection to unrelated intracellular parasites.
 24. An isolated and purified nucleic acid which is fully complementary to any of the polynucleotide sequences of claim
 11. 25. An isolated and purified nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes under high stringency conditions to the nucleic acid of claim 24, wherein said nucleic acid sequence encodes Nramp, wherein Nramp is a transmembrane protein having at least 10 transmembrane domains and a binding-protein-dependent transport system inner membrane component signature of bacteria, which participates in substrate translocation across a membrane, and wherein said Nramp confers resistance to infection to unrelated intracellular parasites.
 26. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 11, wherein said polynucleotide sequence encodes SEQ ID NO:
 2. 27. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 11, wherein said polynucleotide sequence encodes SEQ ID NO:
 25. 28. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 11, wherein said polynucleotide sequence encodes SEQ ID NO:
 27. 29. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 11, wherein said polynucleotide sequence encodes SEQ ID NO:
 28. 30. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 11, wherein said polynucleotide sequence encodes SEQ ID NO:
 30. 31. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 11, wherein said polynucleotide sequence encodes SEQ ID NO:
 32. 